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Lista modelo de medicamentos esenciales de la OMS

La Lista Modelo de Medicamentos Esenciales de la OMS (también conocida como Lista de Medicamentos Esenciales o LME [1] ), publicada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS)...

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La Lista Modelo de Medicamentos Esenciales de la OMS (también conocida como Lista de Medicamentos Esenciales o LME [1] ), publicada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), contiene los medicamentos considerados más eficaces y seguros para satisfacer las necesidades más importantes de un sistema de salud . [2] Los países utilizan con frecuencia la lista para ayudar a desarrollar sus propias listas locales de medicamentos esenciales . [2] En 2016 [update], más de 155 países han creado listas nacionales de medicamentos esenciales basadas en la lista modelo de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. [1] Esto incluye tanto a países desarrollados como en desarrollo . [2] [3]

La lista se divide en artículos básicos y artículos complementarios. [4] Los artículos básicos se consideran las opciones más rentables para los problemas de salud clave y se pueden utilizar con pocos recursos de atención médica adicionales. [4] Los artículos complementarios requieren infraestructura adicional, como proveedores de atención médica especialmente capacitados o equipos de diagnóstico , o tienen una relación costo-beneficio más baja . [4] Aproximadamente el 25% de los artículos están en la lista complementaria. [5] Algunos medicamentos se enumeran como básicos y complementarios. [6] Si bien la mayoría de los medicamentos en la lista están disponibles como productos genéricos , estar bajo patente no impide su inclusión. [7]

La primera lista se publicó en 1977 e incluía 208 medicamentos. [8] [2] [9] La OMS actualiza la lista cada dos años. [10] Hay 306 medicamentos en la 14.ª lista en 2005, [11] 410 en la 19.ª lista en 2015, [10] 433 en la 20.ª lista en 2017, [12] [13] 460 en la 21.ª lista en 2019, [14] [15] [16] y 479 en la 22.ª lista en 2021. [17] [18] Varias listas nacionales contienen entre 334 y 580 medicamentos. [5] [19] La Lista de Medicamentos Esenciales (LME) se actualizó en julio de 2023 a su 23.ª edición. Esta lista contiene 1200 recomendaciones para 591 medicamentos y 103 equivalentes terapéuticos. [20]

En 2007 se creó una lista separada para niños de hasta 12 años de edad, conocida como Lista Modelo de Medicamentos Esenciales para Niños (EMLc) de la OMS , que se encuentra en su novena edición. [10] [21] [22] [23] Se creó para garantizar que se consideraran sistemáticamente las necesidades de los niños, como la disponibilidad de formulaciones adecuadas . [24] [25] Todo lo que figura en la lista para niños también se incluye en la lista principal. [26] La lista y las notas se basan en la 19.ª a la 23.ª edición de la lista principal. [4] [12] [14] [17] [27] Se enumeran alternativas terapéuticas con un rendimiento clínico similar para algunos medicamentos y pueden considerarse para las listas nacionales de medicamentos esenciales. [17] [18] La novena Lista de Medicamentos Esenciales para Niños se actualizó en julio de 2023. [23] [28]

Nota: Una α indica que un medicamento está en la lista complementaria. [4] [14] [17]

Anestésicos, medicamentos preoperatorios y gases medicinales

Anestésicos generales y oxígeno

Medicamentos inhalatorios

Medicamentos inyectables

Anestésicos locales

Complementario:

Medicación preoperatoria y sedación para procedimientos de corta duración.

Gases medicinales

Medicamentos para el dolor y cuidados paliativos

Medicamentos antiinflamatorios no opioides y no esteroides (AINE)

Un dibujo lineal de un hexágono con dos accesorios.
Un modelo esquelético de la estructura química de la aspirina.

Analgésicos opioides

Complementario:

Medicamentos para otros síntomas comunes en cuidados paliativos

Antialérgicos y medicamentos utilizados en la anafilaxia

Antídotos y otras sustancias utilizadas en intoxicaciones

No específico

Específico

Complementario:

Medicamentos para enfermedades del sistema nervioso.

Medicamentos anticonvulsivos

Complementario:

Medicamentos para la esclerosis múltiple

Complementario:

Medicamentos para el parkinsonismo

Medicamentos antiinfecciosos

Antihelmínticos

Antihelmínticos intestinales

Un hexágono unido a un polígono con dos accesorios a esta estructura de doble anillo.
Un modelo esquelético de la estructura química del albendazol

Antifiláricos

Antiesquistosómicos y otros medicamentos antinematodos

Complementario:

Medicamentos cisticidas

Complementario:

Antibacterianos

Grupo de acceso a antibióticos

Observar grupo antibióticos

Complementario:

Antibióticos del grupo de reserva

Los antibióticos de reserva son antibióticos de último recurso. El libro sobre antibióticos de la EML se publicó en 2022. [29] [30] [31]

Complementario:

Medicamentos contra la lepra

Medicamentos antituberculosos

Una pequeña pila de cristales blancos.
Cristales puros de etambutol

Complementario:

Medicamentos antimicóticos

Complementario:

Medicamentos antivirales

Medicamentos antiherpéticos

Antirretrovirales

Inhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa nucleósidos/nucleótidos
Inhibidores no nucleósidos de la transcriptasa inversa
Inhibidores de la proteasa
Dos cápsulas de color azul oscuro con escritura en ellas.
Dos cápsulas de atazanavir
Inhibidores de la integrasa
Combinaciones de dosis fijas de medicamentos antirretrovirales
Otros antivirales

Complementario:

Medicamentos antihepatitis

Medicamentos para la hepatitis B
Inhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa de nucleótidos y nucleósidos
Medicamentos para la hepatitis C
Combinaciones antivirales de acción directa pangenotípicas
Combinaciones antivirales de acción directa no pangenotípicas
Otros antivirales para la hepatitis C

Medicamentos antiprotozoarios

Medicamentos antiamebianos y antigiardiasis

Medicamentos contra la leishmaniasis

Medicamentos antipalúdicos

Para tratamiento curativo
Para quimioprevención

Medicamentos antineumocíticos y antitoxoplasmóticos

Complementario:

Medicamentos antitripanosómicos

Tripanosomiasis africana
Medicamentos para el tratamiento de la tripanosomiasis africana en etapa 1
Medicamentos para el tratamiento de la tripanosomiasis africana en su segunda etapa

Complementario:

Tripanosomiasis americana

Medicamentos para infecciones ectoparasitarias

Medicamentos para la enfermedad del virus del Ébola

Medicamentos para la COVID-19

No hay listados en esta sección.

Medicamentos contra la migraña

Para el tratamiento del ataque agudo.

Para profilaxis

Inmunomoduladores y antineoplásicos

Inmunomoduladores para enfermedades no malignas

Complementario:

Antineoplásicos y medicamentos de apoyo

Medicamentos citotóxicos

Complementario:

Terapias dirigidas

Complementario:

Inmunomoduladores

Complementario:

Hormonas y antihormonas

Complementario:

Medicamentos de apoyo

Complementario:

Alimentos terapéuticos

Medicamentos que afectan la sangre

Medicamentos contra la anemia

Complementario:

Medicamentos que afectan la coagulación

Complementario:

Otros medicamentos para las hemoglobinopatías

Complementario:

Productos sanguíneos de origen humano y sustitutos del plasma

Sangre y componentes sanguíneos

Un líquido de color paja dentro de una bolsa de plástico transparente.
Bolsa que contiene una unidad de plasma fresco congelado

Medicamentos derivados del plasma

Inmunoglobulinas humanas

Complementario:

Factores de coagulación sanguínea

Complementario:

Sustitutos del plasma

Medicamentos cardiovasculares

Medicamentos antianginosos

Medicamentos antiarrítmicos

Complementario:

Medicamentos antihipertensivos

Complementario:

Medicamentos utilizados en la insuficiencia cardíaca

Complementario:

Medicamentos antitrombóticos

Medicamentos antiplaquetarios

Medicamentos trombolíticos

Complementario:

Agentes reductores de lípidos

Combinaciones de dosis fijas para la prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica

Medicamentos dermatológicos (tópicos)

Medicamentos antimicóticos

Medicamentos antiinfecciosos

Medicamentos antiinflamatorios y antipruriginosos

Medicamentos que afectan la diferenciación y proliferación de la piel

Complementario:

Escabicidas y pediculicidas

Agentes de diagnóstico

Medicamentos oftálmicos

Medios de contraste radiológico

Complementario:

Antisépticos y desinfectantes

Antisépticos

Desinfectantes

Diuréticos

Complementario:

Medicamentos gastrointestinales

Complementario:

Medicamentos antiulcerosos

Medicamentos antieméticos

Complementario:

Medicamentos antiinflamatorios

Complementario:

Laxantes

Medicamentos utilizados en la diarrea

Oral rehydration

Medicines for diarrhoea

Medicines for endocrine disorders

Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes

Androgens

Complementary:

Estrogens

No listings in this section.

Progestogens

Medicines for diabetes

Insulins

Oral hypoglycaemic agents

Complementary:

Medicines for hypoglycaemia

Complementary:

Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines

Complementary:

Medicines for disorders of the pituitary hormone system

Complementary:

Immunologicals

Diagnostic agents

Sera, immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies

Vaccines

A small vial with writing on it being removed from a cardboard package
A vial of oral cholera vaccine

Recommendations for all

Recommendations for certain regions

Recommendations for some high-risk populations

Recommendations for immunization programmes with certain characteristics

Muscle relaxants (peripherally-acting) and cholinesterase inhibitors

Complementary:

Ophthalmological preparations

Anti-infective agents

Anti-inflammatory agents

Local anesthetics

Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines

Mydriatics

Complementary:

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) preparations

Complementary:

Medicines for reproductive health and perinatal care

Contraceptives

Oral hormonal contraceptives

Injectable hormonal contraceptives

Intrauterine devices

Barrier methods

Implantable contraceptives

Intravaginal contraceptives

Ovulation inducers

Complementary:

Uterotonics

Antioxytocics (tocolytics)

Other medicines administered to the mother

Medicines administered to the neonate

Complementary:

Peritoneal dialysis solution

Complementary:

Medicines for mental and behavioural disorders

Medicines used in psychotic disorders

Complementary:

Medicines used in mood disorders

Medicines used in depressive disorders

Medicines used in bipolar disorders

Medicines for anxiety disorders

Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders

Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use

Medicines for alcohol use disorders

Medicines for nicotine use disorders

Complementary:

Medicines acting on the respiratory tract

Antiasthmatic medicines and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Solutions correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances

Oral

Parenteral

Miscellaneous

Vitamins and minerals

Complementary:

Ear, nose and throat medicines

Medicines for diseases of joints

Medicines used to treat gout

Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

Complementary:

Medicines for juvenile joint diseases

Complementary:

Dental medicines and preparations

Notes

An α indicates the medicine is on the complementary list for which specialized diagnostic or monitoring or training is needed. An item may also be listed as complementary on the basis of higher costs or a less attractive cost-benefit ratio.[4][14]

  1. ^ (For use in spinal anaesthesia during delivery, to prevent hypotension).
  2. ^ No more than 30% oxygen should be used to initiate resuscitation of neonates less than or equal to 32 weeks of gestation.
  3. ^ Not in children less than three months.
  4. ^ Not recommended for anti‐inflammatory use due to lack of proven benefit to that effect.
  5. ^ For the management of cancer pain
  6. ^ Hydromorphone and oxycodone are alternatives
  7. ^ For the management of cancer pain.
  8. ^ a b Dolasetron, granisetron, palonosetron, and tropisetron are alternatives
  9. ^ Cetirizine and fexofenadine are alternatives
  10. ^ There may be a role for sedating antihistamines for limited indications (EMLc).
  11. ^ Prednisone is an alternative
  12. ^ For use as adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant partial or generalized seizures.
  13. ^ Diazepam and midazolam are alternatives
  14. ^ For use in eclampsia and severe pre‐eclampsia and not for other convulsant disorders.
  15. ^ For buccal administration when solution for oromucosal administration is not available.
  16. ^ The presence of both 25 mg/5 mL and 30 mg/5 mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided.
  17. ^ a b c Avoid use in pregnancy and in women and girls of child-bearing potential, unless alternative treatments are ineffective or not tolerated because of the high risk of birth defects and developmental disorders in children exposed to valproate in the womb.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Including quality-assured biosimilars
  19. ^ Trihexyphenidyl is an alternative
  20. ^ benserazide is an alternative for carbidopa
  21. ^ Oxamniquine is listed for use when praziquantel treatment fails.
  22. ^ > 1 month.
  23. ^ Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic meningitis in children older than two years and in adults.
  24. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (J01CF Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins)
  25. ^ cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin are preferred for oral administration due to better bioavailability.
  26. ^ Use in children <8 years only for life-threatening infections when no alternative exists.
  27. ^ Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as first-line treatment for neonatal sepsis except in settings with high neonatal mortality, when given by trained health workers in cases where hospital care is not achievable.
  28. ^ Third-generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates.
  29. ^ Do not administer with calcium and avoid in infants with hyperbilirubinemia.
  30. ^ > 41 weeks corrected gestational age.
  31. ^ Erythromycin is an alternative as second choice treatment for pharyngitis in children (EMLc only)
  32. ^ For use in combination regimens for eradication of H. pylori in adults.
  33. ^ Vancomycin powder for injection may also be used for oral administration
  34. ^ Imipenem/cilastatin is an alternative for complicated intraabdominal infections and high-risk febrile neutropenia only, except for acute bacterial meningitis in neonates, where meropenem is preferred
  35. ^ Tedizolid phosphate is an alternative
  36. ^ For use only in patients with HIV receiving protease inhibitors.
  37. ^ For use only in combination with meropenem or imipenem/cilastatin.
  38. ^ Terizidone is an alternative
  39. ^ Prothionamide is an alternative
  40. ^ Imipenem/cilastatin is an alternative
  41. ^ For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, mycoses caused by Talaromyces marneffei and chromoblastomycosis; and prophylaxis of histoplasmosis and infections caused by Talaromyces marneffei in AIDS patients.
  42. ^ For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and acute invasive aspergillosis.
  43. ^ Anidulafungin and caspofungin are alternatives
  44. ^ Valaciclovir is an alternative
  45. ^ also indicated for pre-exposure prophylaxis.
  46. ^ > 6 weeks
  47. ^ > 3 years
  48. ^ For use in pregnant women and in second-line regimens in accordance with WHO treatment guidelines.
  49. ^ a b lamivudine is an alternative for emtricitabine
  50. ^ combination also indicated for pre-exposure prophylaxis
  51. ^ For the treatment of viral haemorrhagic fevers
  52. ^ For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr).
  53. ^ For severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in critically ill hospitalized patients
  54. ^ For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr).
  55. ^ Pangenotypic when used in combination with sofosbuvir
  56. ^ Pangenotypic when used in combination with sofosbuvir
  57. ^ Pangenotypic when used in combination with daclatasvir or ravidasvir
  58. ^ For the treatment of hepatitis C, in combination with direct acting anti-viral medicines
  59. ^ > 25 kg.
  60. ^ Tinidazole is an alternative
  61. ^ Liposomal amphotericin B has a better safety profile than the sodium deoxycholate formulation and should be prioritized for selection and use depending on local availability and cost.
  62. ^ a b To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
  63. ^ For use in the management of severe malaria.
  64. ^ Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy or in children below 5 kg.
  65. ^ To be used in combination with either amodiaquine, mefloquine, or sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine.
  66. ^ Other combinations that deliver the target doses required such as 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride) with 50 mg artesunate are alternatives
  67. ^ > 5 kg
  68. ^ For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection.
  69. ^ > 5 kg
  70. ^ For use only in combination with quinine.
  71. ^ Only for use to achieve radical cure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections, given for 14 days.
  72. ^ For use only in the management of severe malaria, and should be used in combination with doxycycline.
  73. ^ Only in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
  74. ^ For use only in Central American regions, for Plasmodium vivax infections.
  75. ^ > 8 years.
  76. ^ > 5 kg or > 3 months.
  77. ^ For use only in combination with chloroquine.
  78. ^ For the treatment of 1st and 2nd stage human African trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
  79. ^ To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
  80. ^ To be used for the treatment of the initial phase of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection.
  81. ^ To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
  82. ^ Only to be used in combination with eflornithine, for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
  83. ^ The presence of both 120 mg/5 mL and 125 mg/5mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided.
  84. ^ a b Certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab and infliximab are alternatives, including quality-assured biosimilars
  85. ^ Afatinib and gefitinib are alternatives
  86. ^ Pembrolizumab is an alternative, including quality-assured biosimilars
  87. ^ Enzalutamide is an alternative
  88. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (L02BG Aromatase inhibitors)
  89. ^ Flutamide and nilutamide are alternatives
  90. ^ Goserelin and triptorelin are alternatives
  91. ^ Prednisone is an alternative
  92. ^ Biscuit or paste of nutritional composition as determined by the UN joint statement on the community-based management of severe acute malnutrition and Codex alimentarius guidelines.
  93. ^ periconceptual use for prevention of first occurrence of neural tube defects
  94. ^ Epoetin alfa, beta and theta; darbepoetin alfa; methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta; and their quality-assured biosimilars are alternatives
  95. ^ Apixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban are alternatives
  96. ^ Alternatives are dalteparin and nadroparin, including their quality-assured biosimilars.
  97. ^ Deferiprone is an alternative
  98. ^ cryoprecipitate (not pathogen-reduced) is an alternative
  99. ^ coagulation factor IX complex is an alternative
  100. ^ Polygeline, injectable solution, 3.5% is considered an alternative
  101. ^ a b c Carvedilol and metoprolol are alternatives
  102. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives)
  103. ^ Includes atenolol, carvedilol, and metoprolol as alternatives. Atenolol should not be used as a first-line agent in uncomplicated hypertension in patients > 60 years.
  104. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain)
  105. ^ Hydralazine is listed for use only in the acute management of severe pregnancy-induced hypertension. Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the evidence of greater efficacy and safety of other medicines.
  106. ^ a b c Chlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, and indapamide are alternatives
  107. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) (for lisinopril) and 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives) (for amlodipine)
  108. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) (for lisinopril) and chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, indapamide (for hydrochlorothiazide)
  109. ^ a b Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain)
  110. ^ Methyldopa is listed for use only in the management of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the evidence of greater efficacy and safety of other medicines.
  111. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain) (for telmisartan) and 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives) (for amlodipine)
  112. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain) (for telmisartan) and chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, indapamide (for hydrochlorothiazide)
  113. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain)
  114. ^ Bumetanide and torasemide are alternatives
  115. ^ For use in high‐risk patients. Atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, and pravastatin are alternatives
  116. ^ a b fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin are alternatives for atorvastatin
  117. ^ a b 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) are alternatives for ramipril
  118. ^ atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, and pravastatin are alternatives for simvastatin
  119. ^ bisoprolol, carvedilol, and metoprolol are alternatives for atenolol
  120. ^ chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, and indapamide are alternatives for hydrochlorothiazide
  121. ^ 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) are alternatives for perindopril
  122. ^ 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives) are alternatives for amlodipine
  123. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D01AC Imidazole and triazole derivatives) excluding combinations
  124. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AC Corticosteroids, potent (group III))
  125. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AA Corticosteroids, weak (group I))
  126. ^ Calcitriol and tacalcitol are alternatives
  127. ^ Podophyllotoxin is an alternative
  128. ^ precipitated sulfur topical ointment is an alternative
  129. ^ Atropine and cyclopentolate are alternatives
  130. ^ Propanol is an alternative
  131. ^ Iodine is an alternative
  132. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D08AE Phenol and derivatives)
  133. ^ Bumetanide and torasemide are alternatives
  134. ^ Chlorothiazide and chlorthalidone are alternatives
  135. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BC Proton pump inhibitors) excluding combinations
  136. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BA H2-receptor antagonists) excluding combinations
  137. ^ Mesalazine is an alternative
  138. ^ Bisacodyl is an alternative
  139. ^ In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts.
  140. ^ Norethisterone is an alternative
  141. ^ Insulin degludec, insulin detemir, and insulin glargine, including quality-assured biosimilars are alternatives
  142. ^ Canagliflozin and dapagliflozin are alternatives
  143. ^ Glibenclamide not suitable above 60 years. Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A10BB Sulfonylureas)
  144. ^ a b Carbimazole is an alternative depending on local availability
  145. ^ For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available; and in patients during the first trimester of pregnancy.
  146. ^ For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available
  147. ^ bromocriptine is an alternative
  148. ^ Exact type to be defined locally
  149. ^ a b c Recommended for certain regions
  150. ^ a b c d e f Recommended for some high-risk populations
  151. ^ a b c Recommended only for immunization programmes with certain characteristics
  152. ^ atracurium is an alternative
  153. ^ For infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
  154. ^ Amikacin, kanamycin, netilmicin, and tobramycin are alternatives
  155. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01AE Fluoroquinolones)
  156. ^ Chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline are alternatives
  157. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01HA Local anaesthetics) excluding cocaine and combinations
  158. ^ Carbachol is an alternative
  159. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01ED Beta blocking agents) excluding combinations
  160. ^ Cyclopentolate hydrochloride or homatropine hydrobromide are alternatives only for the EMLc
  161. ^ For use in women actively breastfeeding at least 4 times per day
  162. ^ anastrozole is an alternative
  163. ^ Methylergometrine is an alternative
  164. ^ Where permitted under national law and where culturally acceptable.
  165. ^ Only for use for induction of labour where appropriate facilities are available.
  166. ^ Indometacin is an alternative
  167. ^ Prostaglandin E2 is an alternative
  168. ^ haloperidol decanonate and zuclopenthixol decanonate are alternatives
  169. ^ Chlorpromazine is an alternative for the tablet
  170. ^ Risperidone injection is an alternative
  171. ^ aripiprazole, olanzapine, paliperidone, and quetiapine are alternatives
  172. ^ a b c Citalopram, escitalopram, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline are alternatives
  173. ^ aripiprazole, olanzapine, and paliperidone are alternatives
  174. ^ lorazepam is an alternative
  175. ^ For short-term emergency management of acute and severe anxiety symptoms only
  176. ^ buprenorphine is an alternative. The medicines should only be used within an established support programme.
  177. ^ Beclometasone, ciclesonide, flunisolide, fluticasone, and mometasone are alternatives
  178. ^ Beclometasone/formoterol, budesonide/salmeterol, fluticasone/formoterol, fluticasone furoate/vilanterol, and mometasone/formoterol are alternatives
  179. ^ Terbutaline is an alternative
  180. ^ Aclidinium, glycopyrronium, and umeclidinium are alternatives
  181. ^ Ergocalciferol is an alternative
  182. ^ Colecalciferol is an alternative
  183. ^ Ofloxacin is an alternative
  184. ^ For use for rheumatic fever, juvenile arthritis, Kawasaki disease
  185. ^ triamcinolone acetonide is an alternative
  186. ^ of any type for use as dental sealant
  187. ^ of any type for use as dental filling material

References

  1. ^ a b "The WHO Essential Medicines List (EML): 30th anniversary". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d "Essential medicines". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
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  24. ^ Rose K, Anker JN (2010). Guide to Paediatric Drug Development and Clinical Research. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. p. 42. ISBN 978-3-8055-9362-5.
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  26. ^ Hoppu K (June 2017). "Essential Medicines for Children". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 101 (6): 718–720. doi:10.1002/cpt.661. PMID 28182281. S2CID 23873145.
  27. ^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
  28. ^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: executive summary of the report of the 24th WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 24 28 April 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371291. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.01.
  29. ^ "The WHO Essential Medicines List Antibiotic Book". World Health Organization (WHO). 24 November 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
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Further reading

  • Serafini M, Cargnin S, Massarotti A, Pirali T, Genazzani AA (September 2020). "Essential Medicinal Chemistry of Essential Medicines". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 63 (18): 10170–10187. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00415. PMC 8007110. PMID 32352778.
  • Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR, eds. (2009). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 978-92-4-154765-9.
  • The selection and use of essential medicines. Twentieth report of the WHO Expert Committee 2015 (including 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and 5th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2015. hdl:10665/189763. ISBN 978-92-4-069494-1. ISSN 0512-3054. WHO technical report series; no. 994.
  • The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2017 (including the 20th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 6th Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2017. hdl:10665/259481. ISBN 978-92-4-121015-7. ISSN 0512-3054. WHO technical report series; no. 1006.
  • The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 2019 (including the 21st WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 7th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019. hdl:10665/330668. ISBN 978-92-4-121030-0. ISSN 0512-3054. WHO technical report series;1021.
  • Organization WH (2019). "Additions and deletions of medicines on the WHO model lists of essential medicines: 1977–2017". World Health Organization. hdl:10665/278038. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.01.
  • eEML - Electronic Essential Medicines List
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