Pavía

Pavía ( Reino Unido : / ˈ p ɑː v i ə / PAH -vee-ə , ^{[ 3 ]} EE. UU. : / p ə ˈ v iː ə / pə- VEE -ə ; [ ^{4 ] Italiano} : [paˈviːa]^ⓘ ) ^{[ 5 ]} es una ciudad ycomunaen el suroestede Lombardía, norte de Italia, a 35 kilómetros (22 millas) al sur deMilánen el bajoTicinocerca de su confluencia con elPo. Tiene una población de aproximadamente 73.086. ^{[ 6 ]}

La ciudad fue un importante centro político en la época medieval, siendo la capital del Reino Ostrogodo desde 540 hasta 553, la capital del Reino de los Lombardos desde 572 hasta 774, la capital del Reino de Italia desde 774 hasta 1024 y la sede de la corte de los Visconti desde 1365 hasta 1413.

Pavía es la capital de la fértil provincia de Pavía , conocida por su variedad de productos agrícolas, como vino, arroz, cereales y productos lácteos . Aunque existen varias industrias en las afueras, estas no suelen perturbar la tranquila atmósfera de la ciudad. Alberga la antigua Universidad de Pavía y otras universidades, colegios e instituciones afines, así como el Policlínico San Matteo del siglo XV . Pavía es la sede episcopal del obispo católico romano de Pavía . La zona cuenta con numerosos tesoros artísticos y culturales, entre los que destacan varias iglesias y museos importantes, como la Certosa di Pavia . El municipio de Pavía forma parte del Parque Natural Lombardo del Valle del Ticino (una reserva natural incluida por la UNESCO en la Red Mundial de Reservas de la Biosfera ) y conserva dos bosques ( la Reserva Natural Estricta Bosco Siro Negri y la Reserva Natural Bosco Grande ).

En la época romana, Pavía se llamaba Ticinum . Empezó a llamarse Papia , de donde proviene Pavia , y solo desde la época lombarda, siendo uno de los pocos municipios romanos de Italia que cambiaron de nombre durante la Alta Edad Media . El origen del nombre moderno es incierto. ^{[ 7 ]}

Según Plinio el Viejo , la ciudad de Pavía, que data de la época prerromana, fue fundada por los levíes y los maricios , dos tribus ligures o celto-ligures, mientras que Ptolomeo la atribuye a los insubres , una población celta . La ciudad romana, conocida como Ticinum , era un municipio y un importante enclave militar (un castrum ) bajo el Imperio Romano . Probablemente comenzó como un pequeño campamento militar construido por el cónsul Publio Cornelio Escipión en el 218 a. C. para proteger un puente de madera que había construido sobre el río Ticinum, en su camino en busca de Aníbal , de quien se rumoreaba que había logrado dirigir un ejército a través de los Alpes hasta Italia. Las fuerzas de Roma y Cartago se encontraron poco después, y los romanos sufrieron la primera de muchas derrotas aplastantes a manos de Aníbal, con el propio cónsul a punto de perder la vida. El puente quedó destruido, pero el campamento fortificado, que en aquel momento era el puesto militar romano más avanzado del valle del Po , sobrevivió de alguna manera a la larga Segunda Guerra Púnica y poco a poco se convirtió en una ciudad guarnición.

Su importancia creció con la extensión de la Vía Emilia desde Ariminum (Rímini) hasta el río Po (187 a. C.), que cruzaba en Placentia ( Piacenza ) y allí se bifurcaba, una rama iba a Mediolanum ( Milán ) y la otra a Ticinum, y de allí a Laumellum donde se dividía una vez más, una rama iba a Vercellae –y de allí a Eporedia y Augusta Praetoria– y la otra a Valentia –y de allí a Augusta Taurinorum ( Turín ).

La ciudad se construyó sobre terreno nivelado con manzanas cuadradas. El camino " cardo Maximus " correspondía a la actual Strada Nuova hasta el puente romano, mientras que el camino " decumanus " correspondía al corso Cavour-corso Mazzini. Bajo la mayoría de las calles del centro histórico aún se conservan los conductos de ladrillo del sistema de alcantarillado romano, que siguió funcionando sin interrupción durante la Edad Media y la época moderna, hasta aproximadamente 1970. ^{[ 9 ]}

Pavía era importante como emplazamiento militar ( cerca de la ciudad , en 271, el emperador Aureliano derrotó a los yutungos ) debido a su fácil acceso a las vías fluviales (a través de los ríos Ticino y Po ) hasta el mar Adriático y debido a sus estructuras defensivas. ^{[ 10 ]}

En 325 Martín de Tours llegó a Pavía siendo niño siguiendo a su padre, un oficial romano. ^{[ 11 ]} Pavía fue sede de una importante ceca romana entre 273 y 326. ^{[ 12 ]} El reinado de Rómulo Augústulo (r. 475–476), el último emperador del Imperio Romano de Occidente, terminó en Pavía en 476 d. C., y el dominio romano cesó así en Italia. ^{[ 13 ]} Rómulo Augústulo, aunque considerado el último emperador del Imperio Romano de Occidente, fue en realidad un usurpador del trono imperial ; su padre Flavio Orestes destronó al emperador anterior, Julio Nepote , y elevó al joven Rómulo Augústulo al trono imperial en Rávena en 475. ^{[ 14 ]} Aunque era emperador, Rómulo Augústulo era simplemente el portavoz de su padre Orestes, quien fue la persona que realmente ejerció el poder y gobernó Italia durante el breve reinado de Rómulo Augústulo. ^{[ 15 ]} Diez meses después del inicio del reinado de Rómulo Augústulo, los soldados de Orestes, bajo el mando de uno de sus oficiales llamado Odoacro , se rebelaron y mataron a Orestes en la ciudad de Pavía en 476. ^{[ 16 ]} Los disturbios que tuvieron lugar como parte del levantamiento de Odoacro contra Orestes provocaron incendios que arrasaron gran parte de Pavía, hasta el punto de que Odoacro, como nuevo rey de Italia, tuvo que suspender los impuestos de la ciudad durante cinco años para que pudiera financiar su reconstrucción. ^{[ 17 ]} Sin su padre, Rómulo Augústulo estaba impotente. En lugar de matar a Rómulo Augústulo, Odoacro le concedió una pensión de 6000 sólidos al año antes de declarar el fin del Imperio Romano de Occidente y proclamarse rey del nuevo Reino de Italia. ^{[ 18 ]}

Odoacer's reign as king of Italy did not last long, because in 488 the Ostrogothic peoples led by their kingTheoderic invaded Italy and waged war against Odoacer.^[19] After fighting for 5 years, Theoderic defeated Odoacer and on 15 March 493, assassinated Odoacer at a banquet meant to negotiate a peace between the two rulers.^[20] With the establishment of the Ostrogoth kingdom based in northern Italy, Theoderic began his vast program of public building. Pavia was among several cities that Theodoric chose to restore and expand.^[21] He began the construction of the vast palace complex that would eventually become the residence of Lombard monarchs several decades later.^[22] Theoderic also commissioned the building of the Roman-styled amphitheatre and bath complex in Pavia;^[23] in the seventh century these would be among the few still functioning bath complexes in Europe outside of the Eastern Roman Empire.^[24] Near the end of Theoderic's reign the Christian philosopherBoethius was imprisoned in one of Pavia's churches from 522 to 525 before his execution for treason.^[25] It was during Boethius's captivity in Pavia that he wrote his seminal work the Consolation of Philosophy.^[26]

Pavia played an important role in the war between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ostrogoths that began in 535.^[27] After the Eastern Roman general Belisarius's victory over the Ostrogothic leader Wittigis in 540 and the loss of most of the Ostrogoth lands in Italy, Pavia was among the last centres of Ostrogothic resistance that continued the war and opposed Eastern Roman rule.^[28] After the capitulation of the Ostrogothic leadership in 540 more than a thousand men remained garrisoned in Pavia and Verona dedicated to opposing Eastern Roman rule.^[29] Since 540 Pavia became the permanent capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom, stable site of the court and the royal treasury.^[30] The resilience of Ostrogoth strongholds like Pavia against invading forces allowed pockets of Ostrogothic rule to limp along until finally being defeated in 561.^[31]

Pavia and the peninsula of Italy did not remain long under the rule of the Eastern Roman Empire, for in 568 CE a new people invaded Italy: the Lombards (otherwise called the Longobards).^[32] In their invasion of Italy in 568, the Lombards were led by their king Alboin (r. 560–572), who would become the first Lombard king of Italy.^[33] Alboin captured much of northern Italy in 568 but his progress was halted in 569 by the fortified city of Pavia.^[34]Paul the Deacon's History of the Lombards written more than a hundred years after the Siege of Ticinum provides one of the few records of this period: "The city of Ticinum (Pavia) at this time held out bravely, withstanding a siege more than three years, while the army of the Langobards remained close at hand on the western side. Meanwhile, Alboin, after driving out the soldiers, took possession of everything as far as Tuscany except Rome and Ravenna and some other fortified places which were situated on the shore of the sea."^[35] The Siege of Ticinum finally ended with the Lombards capturing the city of Pavia in 572.^[36] Pavia's strategic location and the Ostrogoth palaces located within it would make Pavia by the 620s the main capital of the Lombards' Kingdom of Pavia^[37] and the main residence for the Lombard rulers.^[38]

Under Lombard rule many monasteries, nunneries, and churches were built at Pavia by the devout Christian Lombard monarchs. Even though the first Lombard kings were Arian Christians, sources from the period such as Paul the Deacon have recorded that the Arian Lombards were very tolerant of their Catholic subjects' faith and that up to the 690s Arian and Catholic cathedrals coexisted in Pavia.^[39] Lombard kings, queens, and nobles would engage in building churches, monasteries, and nunneries as a method to demonstrate their piety and their wealth by extravagantly decorating these structures which in many cases would become the site of that person's tomb, as in the case of Grimoald (r. 662–671) who built San Ambrogio in Pavia and buried there after his death in 671.^[40]

Aripert I had the basilica of Santissimo Salvatore built in 657, which became the mausoleum of the kings of the Bavarian dynasty.^[41]Perctarit (r. 661–662, 672–688) and his son Cunicpert (r.679–700) built a nunnery and a church at Pavia during their reigns.^[42] Lombard churches were sometimes named after those who commissioned their construction, such as San Maria Theodota in Pavia.^[43] The monastery of San Michele alla Pusterla located at Pavia was the royal monastery of the Lombard kings.^[44]

church San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro was commissioned by a Lombard king in Pavia, Liutprand (r. 712–744)^[45] and it would become the site of his tomb as well as two other Christian figures.^[46] In building San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro the unit of measurement used by the builders was the length of Liutprand's royal foot.^[47] The first important Christian figure interred at San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro was the previously mentioned philosopher Boethius, author of The Consolation of Philosophy, who is located in the cathedral's crypt.^[48] The third and largest tomb of the three located in San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro contains the remains of St. Augustine of Hippo.^[49] St. Augustine is the early fifth-century Christian writer from Roman North Africa whose works such as On Christian Doctrine revolutionized the way in which the Christian scripture is interpreted and understood.^[50] On 1 October 1695, artisans working in San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro rediscovered St. Augustine's remains after lifting up some of the paving stones that compose the cathedral's floor.^[51] Liutprand was a very devout Christian and like many of the Lombard kings was zealous about collecting relics of saints.^[52] Liutprand paid a great deal to have the relics removed from Cagliari and brought to Pavia so that they would be out of the reach and safe from the Saracens on Sardinia where St. Augustine's remains had been resting.^[53] Very little of Liutprand's original church of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro consecrated by Pope Zacharias in 743 remains today.^[54] Originally the roof of its apse was decorated with mosaics, making San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro the first instance of mosaics being used to decorate a Lombard church.^[55] It is now a modern church with the only significant link to its antiquity being its round apse.^[56] The Lombards built their churches in a very Romanesque style, with the best example of Lombard churches from the period of Lombardic rule being the Basilica of San Michele still intact at Pavia.^[57]

As the kingdom's capital, Pavia in the late seventh century also became one of the central locations of the Lombards' efforts to mint their own coinage.^[58] The bust of the Lombard king would have been etched on the coins as a symbolic gesture so that those who used the coins, mostly Lombard nobles, would understand that king had the ultimate power and control of wealth in the Kingdom of Pavia.^[59] The role of the capital implies the residence of the royal court, the presence of the central administrative structure of the kingdom, and the city's pre-eminence over the other urban centres in the military organization of the seasonal wars.^[60] The city of Pavia played a key role in the war between the Lombard Kingdom of Pavia and the Franks led by Charlemagne. In 773, Charlemagne king of the Franks declared war and invaded across the Alps into northern Italy defeating the Lombard army commanded by king Desiderius (r. 757–774).^[61] Between the autumn of 773 and June of 774^[62] Charlemagne laid siege to Pavia first and then Verona, capturing the seat of Lombard power and quickly crushing any resistance from the northern Lombard fortified cities.^[63] Pavia had been the official capital of the Lombards since the 620s,^[64] but it was also the place upon where the Lombard Kingdom in Italy ended. Upon entering Pavia in triumph, Charlemagne crowned himself king of the lands of the former Kingdom of Pavia.^[65] The Lombard kingdom and its northern territories from then onwards were a sub-kingdom of the Frankish Empire, while the Lombard southern duchy of Benevento persisted for several centuries longer with relative independence and autonomy.^[66]

There is little information, but, again in the eighth century, a Jewish community was also present in Pavia: Alcuin of York recalls a religious disputation that took place in the city between 750 and 766 between the Jew Julius of Pavia and the Christian Peter of Pisa.^[67][68]

Emperor Lothair I, king of Italy from 822 to 850, paid attention to schools when in 825 he issued his capitulary by means of which he prescribed that students from many towns of north Italy had to attend the lectures in the school of Pavia.^[69]

In 924, the Hungarians, led by the deposed Lombard king, Berengar I, besieged but did not conquer the city.^[70] With Otto II Pavia become the stable site of the court, first with queen Adelaide of Italy and then with the wife of Otto II Theophanum.^[71] During the Ottonian period Pavia enjoyed a period of well-being and development. The ancient Lombard capital distinguished itself from the other cities of the Po Valley for its fundamental function as a crossroads of important trade, both in foodstuffs and in luxury items. Commercial traffic was favored above all by the waterways used by the emperor for his travels: from Ticino the Po was easily reached, a direct axis with the Adriatic Sea and maritime traffic. Furthermore, with the advent of the Ottoni, Milan again lost importance in favor of Pavia, whose pre-eminence was sanctioned, among other things, by the minting of the Pavia mint.^[72] The importance of the city in those centuries is also highlighted by the account of the Arab geographer Ibrāhīm al-Turtuši, who traveled to central-western Europe between 960 and 965 and visited Verona, Rocca di Garda and Pavia, which he defined the main city of Longobardia, very populous, rich in merchants and entirely built, unlike other centers in the region, in stone, brick and lime. In Pavia, Ibrāhīm al-Turtuši, was very impressed by the equestrian statue of Regisole, which he places near one of the doors of the Royal palace and by the 300 jurists working inside the palace.^[73] Also at the turn of the tenth and eleventh centuries, the city was the birthplace of Liutprand of Cremona, bishop, chronicler and diplomat in the service of Berengar II first and then of Otto I and Otto II and of Lanfranc, a close collaborator of William the Conqueror and, after the Norman conquest of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom, reorganizer of the English church. Pavia remained the capital of the Italian Kingdom and the centre of royal coronations until the diminution of imperial authority there in the 12th century. In 1004, Holy Roman Emperor Henry II bloodily suppressed a revolt of the citizens of Pavia, who disputed his recent coronation as King of Italy.

In 1018, Pope Benedict VIII convened a council in Pavia, at which the condemnation of simony and of clerical concubinage was reaffirmed. A new council, also convened by Pope Benedict VIII and Emperor Henry II, was held in Pavia in 1022 and established severe measures to suppress Nicolaitism and simony.^[74] In 1037, Emperor Conrad II, together with the army of Pavia, laid siege to Milan, although the siege was later lifted, and the devastation of the Milanese fields continued until 1039. The rivalry between Pavia and Milan turned into a war in 1056, which continued for a long time with changing fortunes (Battle of Campomorto, 1061), and Pavia called upon the emperor for assistance.^[75] In 1076, during the conflicts between Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII, the imperial-loyal bishops organized a council in Pavia, at which Pope Gregory VII was excommunicated.^[76] In the 12th century, Pavia acquired the status of a self-governing commune. In the political division between Guelphs and Ghibellines that characterized the Italian Middle Ages, Pavia was traditionally Ghibelline, a position that was as much supported by the rivalry with Milan as it was a mark of the defiance of the Emperor that led the Lombard League against the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who was attempting to reassert long-dormant Imperial influence over Italy. Frederick I celebrated two coronations in Pavia (1155 and 1162) in the basilica of San Michele Maggiore and resided in a new imperial palace near the royal monastery of St. Salvatore.^[77]

In the following centuries Pavia was an important and active town. Pavia supported the emperor Frederick II against the Lombard League and the Pavese army took part in numerous operations in the service of the emperor and participated in the battle of Cortenuova in 1237.^[78]

Under the Treaty of Pavia, Emperor Louis IV granted during his stay in Italy the Electorate of the Palatinate to his brother Duke Rudolph's descendants. Pavia held out against the domination of Milan, finally yielding to the Visconti family, rulers of that city in 1359 after a difficult siege;^[79] under the Visconti Pavia became an intellectual and artistic centre, being the seat from 1361 of the University of Pavia founded around the nucleus of the old school of law, which attracted students from many countries. During the regency of Galeazzo II and Gian Galeazzo the memory of the capital's role and the Lombard traditions of Pavia jointly entered the "propaganda" of the new masters of Pavia: Galeazzo II moved his court from Milan to Pavia and between 1361 and 1365 Galeazzo II built a large palace (Visconti castle) with a major Park (Visconti Park), which became the official residence of the dynasty.^[80] In 1396 Gian Galeazzo commissioned the building of the Certosa, built at the end of the Visconti Park, which connected the Certosa to the castle of Pavia. The church, the last edifice of the complex to be built, was to be the family mausoleum of the Visconti.^[81] In 1389, by the will of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, some families of German Jews settled in Pavia, mainly active in financial activities.^[82] The Jewish community of Pavia grew in the 15th century, when Elijah ben Shabbetai, personal doctor of Filippo Maria Visconti and professor at the University of Pavia and, above all, Joseph Colon Trabotto, who was a 15th-century rabbi who is considered Italy's foremost Judaic scholar and Talmudist of his era, and in the same university a Hebrew course was activated in 1490.^[83] Also in the fifteenth century, by the will of the Dukes of Milan, the University of Pavia experienced a phase of great development: it began to attract students from both Italy and other European countries and taught teachers of great fame, such as Baldo degli Ubaldi, Lorenzo Valla or Giasone del Maino.

La batalla de Pavía (1525) marcó un punto de inflexión en la historia de la ciudad, ya que para entonces, el antiguo cisma entre los partidarios del Papa y los del Sacro Emperador Romano Germánico se había transformado en una división entre un bando francés (aliado con el Papa) y otro que apoyaba al emperador y rey ​​de España, Carlos V. Así, durante las guerras italianas entre los Valois y los Habsburgo , Pavía se encontraba, naturalmente, del lado imperial (y español). La derrota y captura del rey Francisco I de Francia durante la batalla dio paso a un período de ocupación española . En esos mismos años, Girolamo Cardano estudió en la Universidad de Pavía, mientras que, probablemente en 1511, Leonardo da Vinci estudió anatomía junto con Marcantonio della Torre , profesor de anatomía en la misma universidad. ^{[ 84 ]} En 1597, por voluntad de Felipe II de España, la comunidad judía de Pavía tuvo que abandonar la ciudad. ^{[ 85 ]}

Durante la guerra franco-española , Pavía fue sitiada del 24 de julio al 14 de septiembre de 1655 por un gran ejército francés, saboyano y esteno comandado por Thomas Francis, príncipe de Carignano , pero los sitiadores no lograron conquistar la ciudad. ^{[ 86 ]} El período español terminó en 1706, cuando Pavía fue ocupada, tras un breve asedio, por los austriacos liderados por Wirich Philipp von Daun ^{[ 87 ]} durante la Guerra de Sucesión Española y la ciudad permaneció bajo dominio austriaco hasta 1796, cuando fue ocupada por el ejército francés bajo el mando de Napoleón . Durante este período austriaco, la universidad recibió un gran apoyo de María Teresa de Austria y vivió un período culturalmente rico debido a la presencia de destacados científicos y humanistas como Ugo Foscolo , Alessandro Volta , Lazzaro Spallanzani y Camillo Golgi , entre otros. En 1796, después de que los jacobinos demolieran el Regisole (un monumento ecuestre clásico de bronce), los habitantes de Pavía se rebelaron contra los franceses y la revuelta fue sofocada por Napoleón tras una feroz batalla urbana. ^{[ 88 ]}

En 1814, volvió a estar bajo administración austriaca. En 1818 se completaron las obras del Naviglio Pavese : el canal, concebido como una vía fluvial entre Milán, Pavía y Ticino y como un canal de irrigación, contribuyó al desarrollo de la ciudad, tanto que pocos años después de su construcción, en 1821, se construyó Borgo Calvenzano detrás del Castillo Visconti , una larga serie de edificios porticados donde había almacenes, tabernas, oficinas de aduanas y de transporte marítimo, hoteles, establos, todo ello en apoyo de la navegación interior. En 1820 los primeros barcos de vapor comenzaron a operar en el muelle de Pavía y, entre 1854 y 1859, el Österreichischer Lloyd organizó una línea de navegación regular, también con barcos de vapor, entre Pavía, Venecia y Trieste . ^{[ 89 ]} Con la Segunda Guerra de Independencia Italiana (1859) y la unificación de Italia un año después, Pavía pasó, junto con el resto de Lombardía, al Reino de Italia . En 1894, el padre de Albert Einstein se mudó a Pavía para iniciar un negocio de suministro de materiales eléctricos, el Einstein. Los Einstein vivieron en la ciudad, en el mismo edificio ( Palazzo Cornazzani ) donde habían vivido Ugo Foscolo y Ada Negri . El joven Albert visitó a la familia varias veces entre 1895 y 1896. Durante su estancia en Italia, escribió un breve ensayo titulado "Sobre la investigación del estado del éter en un campo magnético". ^{[ 90 ]}

En 1943, Pavía fue ocupada por el ejército alemán. En septiembre de 1944, las fuerzas aéreas estadounidenses llevaron a cabo varios bombardeos sobre la ciudad con el objetivo de destruir los tres puentes sobre el Ticino, estratégicos para el suministro de hombres, armas y provisiones a las unidades alemanas que combatían a lo largo de la Línea Gótica . Estas operaciones provocaron la destrucción del Ponte Coperto y causaron la muerte de 119 civiles. ^{[ 91 ]}

Las tropas aliadas entraron en la ciudad el 30 de abril de 1945. En el referéndum institucional del 2 de junio de 1946, Pavía otorgó el 67,1% de los votos a la República, mientras que la monarquía obtuvo solo el 38,2%. ^{[ 92 ]}

The symbols of Pavia are the coat of arms, the banner and the seal, as reported in the municipal statute. The banner used by the modern city of Pavia faithfully reproduces the one used by the municipality of Pavia at least since the 13th century: a red banner with a white cross. This symbol, probably derived from blutfahne, the original flag of the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, had a clear political meaning: to underline Pavia's belonging to the Ghibelline faction. The coat of arms of the municipality also depicts the cross which, starting from the end of the 16th century, began to be represented in an oval shape and within a rich frame, on top of which there is a mask with a crown count and often flanked by two angels holding the shield and the letters CO-PP (Comunitas Papie).^[93] The seal of the municipality depicts the Regisole, an ancient late antique bronze equestrian statue originally placed inside the Royal Palace and, probably in the 11th century, placed in the cathedral square. The statue was pulled down by the Jacobins in 1796.

The Pavia municipality falls in the orographic system of the Po Valley formed after the alluvial filling of the wide of the gulf occupied by the Adriatic Sea before the Quaternary. A large part of the historic city center is located on the edge of the river Ticino.

The city occupies an area of 62.86 km² (24.27 sq mi) west of Lombardy, located along the so-called "Karst spring's belt", where there is the meeting, in the subsoil, between geological layers with different permeability, an aspect that allows the deep waters to resurface on the surface.^[94]

The fluvial terrace on which Pavia stands appears engraved by two deep furrows due to the erosive action of two postglacial rivers, represented today by the Navigliaccio (originally occupied by the Calvenza) and by the Vernavola. The two valleys tend to converge just behind the area of the ancient city, so that primitive Pavia found itself on an almost isolated and difficult to reach trunk or stump of terrace, almost triangular in shape, which Ticino had to the south, the Calvenza and then the Navigliaccio to the north-west and the Vernavola to the north-east.

Desde el punto de vista de la elevación, la ciudad presenta diversas alturas. El punto más alto se encuentra en la zona del Castillo Visconti , a unos 80 m (260 pies) sobre el nivel del mar, y luego desciende gradualmente. Desde una altitud de 80 m (260 pies), se pasa a 77 m (253 pies) en unos 500 m (550 yardas; 1600 pies). Aguas abajo de la Piazza Vittoria, donde se cruzaban el cardo y el decumano de la ciudad romana, la pendiente se vuelve más pronunciada, hasta alcanzar poco menos de 60 m (200 pies) sobre el nivel del mar cerca del Ponte Coperto . ^{[ 95 ]}

La humedad de la zona es bastante alta (entre el 75% y el 80% de media anual), lo que provoca la típica niebla, que comienza principalmente a finales de otoño e invierno.

The Certosa, or Carthusian monastery, founded in 1396 and located eight kilometres (5.0 miles) north of the city.

Among other notable structures are:

• Cathedral of Pavia (Duomo di Pavia): construction of the cathedral began in 1488, designed principally by Donato Bramante, Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, Gian Giacomo Dolcebuono; however, only by 1898 were the façade and the dome completed according to the original design. The central dome has an octagonal plan, stands 97 m (318 ft) high, and weighs some 20,000 tonnes (22,000 short tons).

  

  This dome is the third for size in Italy, after St. Peter's Basilica and Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence. Next to the Duomo were the Civic Tower (existing at least from 1330 and enlarged in 1583 by Pellegrino Tibaldi): its fall on 17 March 1989, was the final motivating force that started the last decade's efforts to save the Leaning Tower of Pisa from a similar fate.

• San Michele Maggiore (St. Michael Major): this church is an outstanding example of Lombard-Romanesque church architecture in Lombardy. It is located, near the Royal Palace, on the site of a pre-existing Lombard church, which the lower part of the campanile belongs to. The basilica was founded by King Grimoald between 662 and 671. Destroyed in 1004, it was rebuilt from around the end of the 11th century (including crypt, transept and choir), and finished in 1130. It is characterized by an extensive use of sandstone and by a very long transept, provided with a façade and an apse of its own.The basilica was the seat of numerous important events, including the coronations of Berengar I (888), Guy III (889), Louis III (900), Rudolph II (922), Hugh (926), Berengar II and his son Adalbert (950), Arduin (1002), Henry II (1004) and Frederick Barbarossa (1155).^[98]
• Basílica de San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro ("San Pedro en el Cielo Dorado"): en esta iglesia, se dice que están enterrados San Agustín , Boecio y elrey lombardo Liutprando . Su construcción comenzó en el siglo VI. La construcción actual se levantó en 1132. Es similar a San Michele Maggiore, pero se diferencia por su fachada asimétrica con un solo portal, el uso de ladrillo en lugar de arenisca y, en el interior, la ausencia de matronei, galerías reservadas para mujeres y el transepto más corto . El notable arco que alberga las reliquias de San Agustín fue construido en 1362 por artistas de Campione y está decorado con unas 150 estatuas y relieves. La iglesia es mencionada por Dante Alighieri en el canto X de su Divina Comedia .

• San Teodoro : esta iglesia fue construida en el período lombardo en 752 y reconstruida en 1117. Dedicada a Teodoro de Pavía , obispo medieval de la diócesis de Pavía , es la tercera basílica románica de Pavía, aunque de menor tamaño. Situada en las laderas que descienden hacia el Ticino , servía a los pescadores. Los ábsides y el tiburio de tres niveles ejemplifican la efectiva sencillez de la decoración románica. En su interior se encuentran dos impresionantes frescos con vistas aéreas de la ciudad (1525), atribuidos a Bernardino Lanzani . El segundo, la versión definitiva, fue retirado, dejando al descubierto el primero, que quedó inacabado. Ambos frescos presentan un impresionante nivel de detalle y revelan cómo el trazado urbano de Pavía ha cambiado poco en 500 años.

• Castillo Visconteo : construido entre 1360 y 1365 por Galeazzo II Visconti , este gran castillo sirvió como residencia privada más que como fortaleza. El poeta Francesco Petrarca pasó un tiempo allí, cuando Gian Galeazzo Visconti lo llamó para hacerse cargo de la magnífica biblioteca que poseía alrededor de mil libros y manuscritos, posteriormente perdidos. El castillo alberga actualmente los Museos de la Ciudad y el parque es una atracción popular para los niños. Una leyenda no confirmada cuenta que el castillo estaba conectado por un túnel secreto con la Certosa .

• Santa Maria del Carmine: this church is a well-preserved example of Gothic brickwork architecture in northern Italy. Built, between 1374 and 1461, on the Latin cross plan, it is the second largest Pavian church after the Duomo, with a perimeter of 80 m × 40 m (260 ft × 130 ft) comprising a nave and two aisles. The characteristic façade has a large rose window and seven cusps.
• Basilica of Santissimo Salvatore: it was founded in 657 by the Lombard kingAripert I as a mausoleum of kings of the Bavarian dynasty, they were buried there Aripert I, Perctarit, Cunipert, Liutpert and Aripert II. by the will of Adelaide of ItalyMajolus of Cluny created a monastery near the church in 971. It was rebuilt between 1453 and 1511.
• Crypt of Sant'Eusebio: the church was founded by King Rothari in the seventh century as the city's Arian cathedral. The church was demolished in 1923, but the crypt was preserved. The building, rebuilt in the 11th century, retains parts of the previous Lombard church, such as the capitals, very far from classical art.

• San Francesco d'Assisi: this is a late Romanesque church (1238–98) with a restored Gothic façade, located on Corso Cairoli.
• Santi Gervasio e Protasio: it is the oldest church in Pavia, founded by the bishop Juventius of Pavia in the 4th century. It was rebuilt in the 11th century and then in the 18th century. It keeps the 11th century bell tower. The Lombard kings Cleph and Authari were buried in the church and, in the 18th century, high Habsburg official Antoniotto Botta Adorno.
• San Giovanni Domnarum: the church was founded by Queen Gundeberga, wife of Rothari, who was possibly buried in the church. The building, built on Roman baths, was almost entirely rebuilt in the 17th century. The crypt (which incorporates Roman and Lombard remains) and the bell tower remain of the oldest church.
• Monastery of San Felice: the monastery was founded by the Lombard king Desiderius in 760. It was suppressed in 1785 and now houses some departments of the University of Pavia.
• Broletto : el palacio fue construido entre los siglos XII y XIII, fue sede del ayuntamiento de Pavía hasta 1875 y actualmente alberga la Escuela Superior de Estudios Internacionales y Sociales (IUSS) y también se utiliza como sede de exposiciones temporales de arte moderno y contemporáneo.
• Iglesia de Santa María Gualtieri : fundada en 989 por el juez y señora dominico Walterius . Reconstruida en el siglo XI y consagrada de nuevo por el papa Urbano II en 1096. En 1788 fue desacralizada y transformada en tiendas y viviendas. Adquirida por el municipio de Pavía, fue restaurada en 1991. Actualmente se utiliza para conciertos, exposiciones y conferencias.
• Antiguo Campus de la Universidad de Pavía : creado por Ludovico el Moro entre 1485 y 1490, fue reconstruido y ampliado a petición de María Teresa y su hijo José II entre 1771 y 1787, según un proyecto de Giuseppe Piermarini y Leopold Pollack . Posteriormente, entre 1819 y 1850, se añadieron otros patios y aulas. En 1932, la Universidad incorporó el antiguo Hospital de San Matteo, cuya construcción comenzó en 1451.

• Castillo de Mirabello : El castillo se encuentra en lo que antiguamente fue el Parque Visconteo , cerca de Mirabello di Pavia . Entre los siglos XIV y XVI, fue la sede del Capitán del Parque, la autoridad que administraba el Parque Visconteo en nombre de las familias Visconti y Sforza . Solo se conserva un ala del castillo original.
• Santa Maria di Canepanova : esta iglesia octogonal renacentista se atribuye a Bramante .
• Santa María en Belén * : fundada en el siglo IX, fue reconstruida y ampliada en 1130. Cerca de la iglesia había un hospital para peregrinos que viajaban a Tierra Santa , por lo que la iglesia dependía del obispo de Belén . La iglesia es de estilo románico.
• San Lanfranco : fundada en el siglo XI, fue reconstruida en las primeras décadas del siglo XIII en estilo románico y conserva en su interior el arca de mármol creada por Giovanni Antonio Amadeo en 1489 para contener las reliquias de San Lanfranco Beccari.

  

• Church of San Tommaso: built on the remains of Roman baths, it is mentioned for the first time in an imperial diploma by Arnulf of Carinthia of 889. The church became the seat of the Dominican friars in 1302. Starting from 1320 work began for the construction of the new, and larger, church in the Gothic style, completed only in 1478. In 1786 the monastery was suppressed by Joseph II and transformed into the General Seminary for the Austrian Lombardy. Giuseppe Piermarini, charged with adapting the complex to the new destination, heavily modified the church. A few years later, in 1791, the seminary was closed and the complex became a barracks, and it remained so until the 1980s, when it was sold to the University of Pavia.
• Monastery of Santa Maria Teodote: the church was part of the monastery of Santa Maria Teodote, also known as Santa Maria della Pusterla, which was one of the oldest and most important female monasteries in Pavia. Founded between 679 and 700 by King Cunipert, it was suppressed in 1799 and has housed the diocesan seminary since 1868.
• Santi Primo e Feliciano: a 12th century Romanesque-style Catholic church.
• San Lazzaro: the church was founded by the noble Salimbene family in 1157 outside the city walls and along the Via Francigena. At the church there was also a hospital for the treatment of pilgrims and lepers. The church is in Romanesque style and preserves frescoes from the 13th century.
• San Marino: the church was founded by King Aistulf, who was buried in the church. It was modified several times over the centuries, but retains parts of the facade and apse of the original building.

  

• San Pietro in Verzolo: the church was probably founded in the Lombard age and is documented since 737. In the 11th century it became the seat of a Benedictine monastery, then suppressed in 1798. The church still retains, despite the many changes, some sculptural and architectural elements of the 11th century.
• Towers of Pavia: characteristic of the historic center of Pavia is the presence of medieval noble towers that survive in its urban fabric, despite having once been more numerous, as evidenced by the sixteenth-century representation of the city frescoed in the church of San Teodoro. They were mostly built between the 11th and 13th centuries when the Ghibelline city was at the height of its Romanesque flowering. The towers present in Pavia, on the basis of historical and iconographic documentation, must have been about 65, of which about 25 survive.
• Teatro Fraschini: opera house commissioned by 4 aristocrats from Pavia to Antonio Galli da Bibbiena between 1771 and 1773. In 1869 it was acquired by the municipality of Pavia and was dedicated to the Pavese tenor Gaetano Fraschini.
• Ponte Coperto: it is a stone and brick arch bridge over the Ticino in Pavia, Italy. The previous bridge, dating from 1354 (itself a replacement for a Roman construction), was heavily damaged by Allied action in 1945. A debate on whether to fix or replace the bridge ended when the bridge partially collapsed in 1947, requiring new construction, which began in 1949.

• Collegio Castiglioni Brugnatelli: the college was founded by Cardinal Branda da Castiglione in 1429. The building, in Gothic style, preserves inside a chapel frescoed by Bonifacio Bembo in 1475.
• Casa degli Eustachi: it is a small brick Gothic-style building built in the first decades of the 15th century by Pasino Eustachi, captain of the fleet of Gian Galeazzo and Filippo Maria Visconti.
• Palazzo Cornazzani: it is a building dating back to the 15th century, which was inhabited, at different times, by Ugo Foscolo, Contardo Ferrini, Ada Negri and, between 1895 and 1896, Albert Einstein.
• Palace Carminali Bottigella: it is a noble palace built by the ancient Beccaria family from Pavia. The original structure from the Sforza era was built between 1490 and 1499. The façade, which retains the original terracotta decorations, is one of the major examples of Renaissance civil building in Pavia.
• Palazzo del Maino: the palace was built by the Bottigella aristocratic family from Pavia in the 15th century, in 1560 it was purchased by the Buscas and rebuilt in 1725 in the Baroque style, while maintaining some elements (such as the marble portal) of the Renaissance palace. It then passed to the Marquises of Maino and in 1932 it was acquired by the University of Pavia.
• Palazzo Mezzabarba: built in the Rococo style between 1726 and 1732, since 1875 is the city hall of Pavia.

• Palazzo Bellisomi Vistarino: the palace designed by Francesco Croce, was rebuilt in rococo style between 1745 and 1753 by the Marquis Gaetano Annibale Bellisomi, demolishing the old family home. Since 2013 it has been the headquarters of the Alma Mater Ticinensis foundation of the University of Pavia.
• Palazzo Botta Adorno: built on a previous medieval building that belonged to the noble Beccaria family, it was rebuilt by the Botta Adornos between the 17th and 18th centuries. It was inhabited by Antoniotto Botta Adorno, high officer of the Habsburg monarchy and a plenipotentiary of the Austrian Netherlands. The building was purchased by the University of Pavia in 1887 and now houses Natural History Museum of Pavia.
• Palazzo Malaspina: the palace was rebuilt by the Marquis Luigi Malaspina di Sannazzaro in neoclassical style between 1794 and 1835. The palace now houses the Carlo Bonetta Library and Archivio Storico Civico of the City Council of Pavia.
• Galleria Arnaboldi: is a shopping arcade, which, in the form of a covered pedestrian street, connects Strada Nuova to Piazza del Lino, built between 1879 and 1882.

Pavia possesses a remarkable artistic treasure, a legacy of the city's prestigious past, divided into several museums.

Los Museos Cívicos de Pavía (ubicados en el Castillo Visconti ) se dividen en varias secciones: Arqueológica, que conserva una de las colecciones más ricas de vidrio romano del norte de Italia e importantes artefactos y hallazgos arqueológicos del período lombardo , como los plutei de Teodota y la colección (la mayor de Italia) de epigrafías lombardas, algunas de las cuales pertenecen a tumbas de reyes y reinas. Luego está la sección Románica y Renacentista , que exhibe escultura, arquitectura y mosaicos. La colección románica es muy rica, una de las mayores del norte de Italia, y también conserva importantes piezas arquitectónicas orientales del Oriente islámico y bizantino que adornaban las fachadas de iglesias y edificios. También se exhiben obras de Jacopino da Tradate , Giovanni Antonio Amadeo , Cristoforo y Antonio Mantegazza y Annibale Fontana . Los Museos Cívicos también albergan el museo del Risorgimento, que dedica un espacio particular a la vida social, económica y cultural de Pavía entre los siglos XVIII y XIX, la colección de objetos africanos reunidos por Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti durante sus exploraciones y la colección numismática, que alberga más de 50.000 monedas, la mayoría pertenecientes a Camillo Brambilla, que cubren un período cronológico entre las emisiones griegas clásicas y la acuñación del período moderno. ^{[ 99 ]}

La Pinacoteca Malaspina (que forma parte de los Museos Cívicos de Pavía), fundada por el Marqués Luigi Malaspina di Sannazzaro (Pavía 1754-1834), alberga obras de importantes artistas del panorama italiano e internacional, del siglo XIII al XX, como Gentile da Fabriano , Vincenzo Foppa , Giovanni Bellini , Antonello da Messina , Bernardino Luini , Correggio , Paolo Veronese , Guido Reni , Francesco Hayez , Giovanni Segantini y Renato Gottuso . En el interior de la pinacoteca también se expone la monumental maqueta de madera de la catedral de Pavía del año 1497. ^{[ 100 ]}

The university's museum network is very vast, consisting of the University History Museum of the University of Pavia, divided between the Section of Medicine, where anatomical and pathological preparations, surgical instruments are also exhibited (the surgical paraphernalia of Giovanni Alessandro Brambilla) and life-size anatomical waxes, made by the Florentine ceroplast Clemente Susini and the Physics Section which houses the physics cabinet of Alessandro Volta (where hundreds of scientific instruments from the 18th and 19th centuries are exhibited, some belonging to Alessandro Volta).^[101]

The University's Museum of Archeology was established by Pier Vittorio Aldini in 1819 and houses prehistoric, Egyptian, Greek, Etruscan (including a collection of clay votive offerings donated by Pope Pius XI) and Roman (some from Pompeii).^[102]

The Natural History Museum of the University (Kosmos), housed inside Palazzo Botta Adorno, is one of the oldest in Italy, it was in fact founded by Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1771 and which preserves a naturalistic heritage of high scientific and historical value, including nearly 400,000 finds divided between the collections of zoology, comparative anatomy and paleontology.^[103] Then there is the Golgi Museum, located in the same environments in which both Camillo Golgi and his students worked, rooms and laboratories that preserve both the original furnishings and the scientific instruments of the time, in order to allow the visitor to enter inside a 19th-century research center;^[104] while the Museum of Electrical Technique, built in 2007, illustrates the history of electrical technology within five sections.^[105]

Then come the Museum of Chemistry, that of Physics^[106] and the Museum of Mineralogy, founded by Lazzaro Spallanzani.^[107]

Next to the Cathedral, inside the crypt of the ancient cathedral of Santa Maria del Popolo (11th century), is the Diocesan Museum of Pavia, inaugurated in 2023, which collects silverware and liturgical objects (among which a crosier in elephantine ivory carved, painted and gilded made by a Sicilian workshop by the hand of Arab craftsmen and dating back to the end of the 12th century), sculptures and paintings, such as the panel of the Madonna della Misericordia by Lorenzo Fasolo.^[108]

The history of the municipality of Pavia, from the tenth to the twentieth century, can be told through the amount of documentation collected within the Archivio Storico Civico (established in 1895), which also contains collections containing the archives of many aristocratic families from Pavia and of city personalities, such as Gaetano Sacchi, Benedetto Cairoli and Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti.^[109] The Archivio di Stato (founded in 1959) also collect funds from noble archives (Beccaria, Bottigella, Belcredi, Malaspina) and more, such as the Mori collection, which collects the papers of Cesare Mori. Also preserved in the archive are the acts of the notaries of Pavia (1256–1907), the maps of the Teresian Cadastre of the Pavia area (18th–19th centuries), and the archives of the university (1341–1897), of the San Matteo Hospital (1063–1900), the Prefecture, the Police Headquarters and the Court.^[110] Equally important is the Archivio Storico Diocesano, which houses the documentation of the diocese of Pavia since the tenth century.^[111]

The Centro per gli studi sulla tradizione manoscritta di autori moderni e contemporanei (Formerly the "Research Center on the Manuscript Tradition of Modern and Contemporary Authors", also known as the "Manuscript Center"), founded by Maria Corti in 1980, is responsible for the conservation and to the study of modern and contemporary archival and bibliographic heritage. The center, among the most important of its kind in Italy, preserves collections of documentary material (manuscripts, typescripts, letters, first editions, libraries, photographs, drawings, furnishings, paintings and other objects) relating to writers, intellectuals, publishers, artists and scientists of the past two centuries. Among the archival collections preserved we remember those of Alberto Arbasino, Riccardo Bacchelli, Romano Bilenchi, Emilio De Marchi, Ennio Flaiano, Alfonso Gatto, Tonino Guerra, Claudio Magris, Luigi Meneghello, Eugenio Montale, Indro Montanelli, Salvatore Quasimodo, Mario Rigoni Stern, Amelia Rosselli, Umberto Saba and Roberto Sanesi.^[112]

The library tradition of Pavia among its origins from the Visconteo Sforzesca Library, established in the second half of the fourteenth century by Gian Galeazzo Visconti in the Visconti Castle, where the precious illuminated manuscripts of the dukes of Milan were kept. In 1499, with the fall of Ludovico il Moro, the king of France Louis XII took most of the manuscripts from the castle and they are now kept in the Bibliothéque Nationale de France in Paris. Of the nearly one thousand manuscripts that made up the library, only one codex remained in Pavia: I Trionfi di Francesco Petrarca kept in the Biblioteca Universitaria.^[113]

In the second half of the 16th century, three historic libraries arose in the city: that of the Episcopal Seminary^[114] and the libraries of the Borromeo^[115] and Ghislieri Colleges,^[116] founded respectively by Charles Borromeo and Pope Pius V to allow access to the university (then the only one of all the Duchy of Milan) to promising young people, but with scarce economic resources.

In 1754, by the will of Empress Maria Theresa, the Biblioteca Universitaria was created, the most important in terms of book heritage in the city, which also preserves 1,404 manuscripts, 702 incunabula, 1,153 parchments (from 1103 to 1787), the 3,592 old prints, and 1,287 old geographical maps.^[117]

In 1887 the Biblioteca Civica Carlo Bonetta was established, the main seat of the library system of the city which is divided into eight loan and reading points distributed evenly over the entire municipal area.^[118] Among the university libraries we should mention the Library of Humanistic Studies,^[119] born from the amalgamation of several libraries of the university's humanistic faculties, such as that of archeology (built in 1819), the Library of Science and Technology,^[120] where the library also merged of the Botanical Garden (established in 1773), the Law Library (1880),^[121] The Science Library,^[122] which also houses the volumes of the Medical and Surgical Society of Pavia (founded by Camillo Golgi in 1885), the Area Library Medica Adolfo Ferrata,^[123] the Political Science Library (built in 1925^[124]), the Economics Library^[125] and the Giasone del Maino College Library (born in 2000).^[126]

Capital de una provincia con forma de racimo de uvas —como la describió Gianni Brera— , Pavía es una tierra que produce muchos frutos, origen de una variedad de platos locales. Gracias a su abundancia de manantiales y vías fluviales, Pavía y sus alrededores se han convertido en una de las principales zonas productoras de arroz de Italia. No es casualidad, pues, que numerosas recetas muestren las múltiples facetas de este grano. Entre ellas se encuentran el risotto alla certosina, que se dice fue creado por los monjes del monasterio de Certosa y se prepara con cangrejo de río, zanahorias y cebollas; ^{[ 127 ]} el risotto con guisantes de ojo negro; el risotto con salchicha y vino Bonarda ; y el risotto con lúpulo silvestre (conocido en dialecto como ürtis ). ^{[ 128 ]}

Entre los primeros platos, además de los platos a base de arroz, cabe destacar la zuppa pavese , una sopa rústica que, según la tradición, fue inventada por una campesina con los pocos ingredientes que tenía a mano (caldo, huevos y queso) para alimentar al rey de Francia, Francisco I , tras su aplastante derrota a las afueras de la ciudad.

En cuanto a los platos principales, destaca el ragò alla pavese, una versión local y más ligera de la más conocida cassoeula , preparada únicamente con costillas de cerdo. ^{[ 129 ]} Otros platos tradicionales incluyen munighili (la versión paviana del mondeghili ^{[ 130 ]} ), stufato alla pavese (estofado al estilo paviano), büseca (callos de ternera al estilo local), ossobuco con guisantes ( os büš cum i erbion ) y "aves escapadas" ( üslin scapà ), finas lonchas de ternera rellenas de panceta y salvia. ^{[ 131 ]} La carne, especialmente cuando está hervida, se sirve tradicionalmente con dos tipos de salsas: peverada —ya mencionada por Opicino de Canistris en el siglo XIV— hecha con pimientos, apio, anchoas y huevos; ^{[ 132 ]} y bagnet verd , preparado con perejil, anchoas, ajo y alcaparras. ^{[ 133 ]}

Alongside meat dishes, Pavia’s cuisine also includes many freshwater fish specialties, such as anguilla alla borghigiana (named after the ancient suburb of the city across the Ticino River beyond the Ponte Coperto), trout in white wine, and frittata with alborelle (a small freshwater fish). Not to be forgotten are frogs, served in risotto or stewed, and snails, often cooked with porcini mushrooms.^[134]

Among desserts, in addition to the well-known torta del paradiso, are pumpkin pie (turtâ d’sücâ),^[135] San Sirini—small, round sponge cakes soaked generously in rum and covered in dark chocolate, traditionally made in the weeks around 9 December, the feast day of Saint Siro—and sfâsö, typical carnival fritters.^[136]Panettone is found in a register of expenses of the Borromeo college of Pavia in 1599: on 23 December of that year in the list of courses provided for lunch Christmas costs also appear for 5 pounds of butter, 2 of raisins and 3 ounces of spices given to the baker to make 13 "loaves" to be given to college students on Christmas Day.^[137]

Belonging to the province of Pavia, in particular to Oltrepò Pavese are Pavese agnolotti, a type of stuffed pasta. The filling of the Pavese agnolotti is based on Pavese stew.^[138] The recipe for this stuffed pasta is characterized by influences from Piedmontese and Piacentino cuisine, characteristics of areas that border the Oltrepò Pavese.^[139] The shape of the pasta was based on the Piedmontese agnolotti, and the filling of Pavese stew is based on stracotto alla piacentina, which is the filling for Piacentino anolini.^[140] The Piedmontese agnolotti, in particular, differ from the Pavese agnolotti due to the filling, which is instead based on roast meat.^[141] Pavese agnolotti is a typical dish of the Christmas tradition,^[142] and are consumed during celebrations and important occasions.^[143]

The municipality of Pavia is part of the Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino and preserves two forests (Strict nature reserve Bosco Siro Negri and Bosco Grande nature reserve) that reflect the original state of the nature of the Po valley before the arrival of the Romans, before human settlement. To the north and east of the city, a small stream, originating from springs, the Vernavola, gives rise to a deep valley, escaped from urbanization, which is home to the Vernavola Park, while to the west, the green ring around Pavia is closed by the Sora Park. 9% of the surface of the municipality of Pavia is occupied by natural areas, parks or gardens (about 594 hectares, 1,470 acres, of which 312 hectares, 770 acres are covered with broad-leaved woods).^[144]

• Vernavola Park: large park, heir of the Visconti Park, with an extension of 35 hectares (86 acres) located north of the city. The battle of Pavia in 1525 is fought in the park.^[145]
• Ticino Valley Natural Park: regional park located along the banks of the Ticino from Lake Maggiore to the river Po. It forms a green belt around the city.^[146]
• Bosco Grande nature reserve: the Bosco Grande covers an area of about 22 hectares (54 acres) southwest of Pavia, it represents one of the last remnants of that lowland forest that in past times entirely covered the Po Valley and of which an important testimony remains in the Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino.^[147]
• Strict nature reserve Bosco Siro Negri: the reserve is a small strip of the Po Valley that was donated to the University of Pavia in 1967 by Giuseppe Negri, a lumber dealer and a great lover of nature. The reserve is located near the Ticino, a few kilometers from the center of Pavia. The forest show us the original state of the nature before the arrival of the Romans, before human settlement. The reserve covers an area of 34 hectares (84 acres).^[148]
• Sora Park: along the Ticino, to the North West, near the church of San Lanfranco is the Sora park, which extends for about 40 hectares (99 acres), inside which there are several micro-environments of high environmental value.^[149]

  

• Horti Borromaici: the Horti are a vast urban park, covering an area of about 3.5 hectares (8.6 acres), located within the historic center of Pavia, between the Collegio Borromeo (which owns it) and Ticino, where the natural habitat is meets with contemporary art, knowledge and social inclusion. The park includes a vast naturalistic area, where over 3,000 native trees and shrubs have been planted, and an en plein air exhibition area of contemporary art, where works by: Arnaldo Pomodoro, Nicola Carrino, Gianfranco Pardi, Luigi Mainolfi, Mauro Staccioli, Salvatore Cuschera, Marco Lodola, Ivan Tresoldi and David Tremlett.^[150]
• Malaspina Gardens: public gardens in the historic center of the city (Piazza Petrarca), created, between 1838 and 1840, by the Marquis Luigi Malaspina as the English garden of his palace and a place for concerts and cultural events and retain a small temple and some neoclassical sculptures.^[151]
• Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pavia: established in 1773, it covers an area of 2 hectares (4.9 acres). It is mainly organized in living collections of plants such as rose garden, tea bed, orchid greenhouse, tropical greenhouse, utility plant greenhouse (designed in 1776 by Giuseppe Piermarini), arboretum, plane trees, flower beds of native plants of the Lombard Plain, living collections of seeds and collections of desiccat.^[152]

In 2021 there were over 45 schools of all types and levels, including: over 26 schools between Kindergarten and Primary schools (including one bilingual: Italian-English^[153]), 8 Lower secondary schools^[154] and 11 upper secondary schools.^[155] Some of these boast centuries of history, such as the Ugo Foscolo classical lyceum, originally started in 1557 near the convent of Santa Maria di Canepanova by the Barnabite Fathers or the Liceo Scientifico Torquato Taramelli (scientific lyceum), heir to the Normal Schools established in 1799.^[156]

Pavia is a major Italian college town, with several institutes, universities and academies, including the ancient University of Pavia. Here is an incomplete list of the main institutions located in the city:

• The University of Pavia, one of the most ancient universities in Europe, was founded in 1361, although a school of rhetoric is documented in 825 making this center perhaps the oldest proto-university of Europe. The Old Campus is a wide block made up of twelve courts of the 15th to 19th centuries. The sober façade shifts from baroque style to neoclassic. The Big Staircase, the Aula Foscolo, the Aula Volta, the Aula Scarpa and the Aula Magna are neoclassic too. The Cortile degli Spiriti Magni hosts the statues of some of the most important scholars and alumni. Ancient burial monuments and gravestones of scholars of the 14th to 16th centuries are walled up in the Cortile Voltiano (most come from demolished churches). The Cortile delle Magnolie holds an ancient pit. The Cortile di Ludovico il Moro has a renaissance loggia and terracotta decorations. Both courts, as well as two more, were the cloisters of the ancient Ospedale di San Matteo. The Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pavia is the university's botanical garden. There is also the University History Museum and the Natural History Museum of Pavia.
• Borromeo College (Ital. Almo Collegio Borromeo), founded in 1561 by Carlo Borromeo, is the oldest college at the University of Pavia in northern Italy.
• Ghislieri College (Ital. Collegio Ghislieri), founded in 1567 by Pope Pius V, is the second ancient college in Pavia, with the other first being Almo Collegio Borromeo, and one of the most ancient colleges in Italy and co-founder of the IUSS, located in Pavia as well. Collegio Ghislieri is a 450-year-old Italian institution committed to promote University studies on the basis of merit, hosting around 200 pupils (males and females) who attend all faculties in Pavia State University, offering them logistic and cultural opportunities such as scholarships, lectures, conferences, a 100,000-volume library (third among private libraries in Northern Italy), and foreign languages courses. Each year about 30 new students coming from all over the country are selected by a public contest. Founded by Pope Pius V (Antonio Ghislieri) in 1567, since 18th century laically managed, nowadays under the High Patronage of the Presidency of the Italian Republic, it is ranked among high qualifying institutions by the Italian Ministry for Education and University.

  

• The IUSS Pavia or the "Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori" of Pavia (Eng. IUSS School for Advanced Studies) is a higher learning institute located in Pavia, Italy. It was founded in 1997 by the University of Pavia, Borromeo College and Ghislieri College, supported by the Italian Minister of Education. It is shaped according to the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa model and reunites all the five colleges of Pavia, forming the Pavia Study System.

Although the ancient hospitals intended for the reception and treatment of the sick and travelers arose in the city at least from the 8th century, the first Pavia hospitals serving the entire city of which documented traces remain are the hospital of Santa Maria in Betlem (attested from 1130) and that of San Lazzaro (1157), which were operational for centuries.^[157] After 1449,^[158] they ceded their primary role to the San Matteo Hospital which became one of the most important Pavia institutions. The ancient dedication to San Matteo is still carried by the San Matteo Polyclinic, whose full name is the Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Hospital.

In addition to Policlinico San Matteo Hospital, Pavia has five hospitals, including public and affiliated, specialist or general hospitals that cover the pathologies provided for by national protocols. Patients from other regions often resort to them. Among the hospitals, there are several that belong to the category of scientific hospitalization and treatment institutes, the so-called IRCCS. We recall, among the specialized ones, the Casimiro Mondino National Neurological Institute^[159] and the Maugeri Scientific Clinical Institute,^[160] while among the general hospitals the most important are the Institute of Care of the City of Pavia^[161] and the Santa Margherita Institute of Rehabilitation and Care.^[162]

In addition, Pavia hosts the National Center for Androtherapy Oncology (CNAO Foundation), the first hospital and clinical and radiobiological research in the center in Italy (the fourth country in the world to set up one). It was set up in 2010 by the Ministry of Health and specializes in the treatment of radioresistant tumors through the use of particle therapy. The Center also carries out scientific research to identify effective tools in the fight against cancer.

The CNAO uses a synchrotron where particles are produced in two sources, these are pre-accelerated by a linear accelerator and sent to an injection line for transfer into the synchrotron ring, where they are further accelerated and extracted.^[163]

Starting from the 1980s Pavia has undergone a notable demographic involution due to the transfer of many families within the municipalities immediately bordering the capital. Within the urban agglomeration of the city of Pavia, according to calculations made by applying the international criterion of Functional Urban Areas, approximately 121,000 inhabitants would reside.^[164]

According to the latest statistics conducted by ISTAT,^[165] approximately 14.54% of the population consists of non-Italians. About the 33% of the immigrant population consists of those of various other European origins (chiefly Romanian, Ukrainian, and Albanian), the remaining are those with non-European origins, chiefly Dominicans (5,99%), Egyptians (5,84%), Chinese (4,81%) and Cameroonian (4,03%).

The first religious confession in Pavia is the Catholic one, which, unlike other areas of Lombardy, is of the Roman rite, with the exclusion, within the city, of the church of San Giorgio in Montefalcone, entrusted to the Ukrainian community of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.^[166] The second religious community is the Eastern Orthodox Church one, like the Romanian one in via Repubblica and the Greek Orthodox church of Sant'Ambrogio, in via Olevano.^[167] Then there is the Muslim, who finds herself in two Islamic cultural centers (via San Giovannino and Via Pollack), while for some time there have been places of worship for Protestants in Pavia, such as the Waldensian Church in via Alessandro Rolla,^[168] the Evangelical Church of Assemblies of God in via Angelo Ferrari,^[169] the Evangelical Church of Reconciliation in viale Cremona,^[170] the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in via Grevellone^[171] and the Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses in via Langosco.

El 63,3% de la superficie del municipio de Pavía (unas 4.000 hectáreas) está destinada a la agricultura y, en particular, al cultivo de arroz (unas 2.400 hectáreas ^{[ 172 ]} ), que se extendió, desde el siglo XIV, principalmente en terrenos pantanosos hasta convertirse, sobre todo a partir del siglo XVIII, en el principal cultivo. Las grandes cantidades de agua necesarias para el arroz han propiciado, a lo largo de los siglos, el diseño y la construcción de una densa red de riego que aún hoy caracteriza el paisaje de la campiña pavimentada. Cabe destacar también que la ciudad es la capital de la provincia italiana con mayor producción de arroz del país: más de 84.000 hectáreas de terreno provincial se utilizan para arrozales. La provincia de Pavía, por sí sola, produce tanto arroz como toda España. ^{[ 173 ]} Los otros cultivos presentes en el área municipal son el maíz y el trigo (1.376 hectáreas, 3.400 acres), los álamos (636 hectáreas, 1.570 acres), mientras que áreas muy limitadas se utilizan para prados (158 hectáreas, 390 acres), huertos frutales y jardines de verduras (29 y 30 hectáreas, 72 y 74 acres). Aún dentro del territorio del municipio de Pavía, todavía hay alrededor de cincuenta fincas destinadas a la actividad agrícola, ^{[ 174 ]} 18 de las cuales albergan explotaciones ganaderas, donde se crían aproximadamente 820 cabezas. ^{[ 175 ]}

La ciudad experimentó un fuerte desarrollo industrial a partir de la década de 1880, hasta el punto de albergar establecimientos de importancia nacional, como Necchi o la primera gran fábrica italiana de seda artificial y tejidos sintéticos, la Snia Viscosa , construida en 1905. En 1951, casi el 27% de la fuerza laboral de Pavía estaba empleada en el sector industrial. ^{[ 176 ]} A partir de la década de 1970, la ciudad sufrió una repentina desindustrialización que llevó al cierre de muchas empresas, especialmente las de los sectores químico y mecánico, mientras que las relacionadas con el sector alimentario, como Riso Scotti, las empresas farmacéuticas ^{[ 177 ]} y las relacionadas con el envasado y el etiquetado . ^{[ 178 ]}

La estación de tren de Pavía , inaugurada en 1862, forma parte del ferrocarril Milán-Génova y es también la estación terminal de cuatro líneas ferroviarias secundarias que conectan Pavía con Alessandria , Mantua , Vercelli y Stradella .

Pavia is also connected to Milan through the S13 line of the Milan suburban railway service with trains every 30 minutes. Pavia P. Garibaldi is a small railway station on the Pavia–Mantua railway.

The nearest airports are Milan's Malpensa Airport, Linate Airport and Bergamo Airport which can easily be reached by car, train and bus.

Pavia is twinned with:^[179]

People born in Pavia include:

• Honorata of Pavia (?–500), italian saint
• Giovanni Antonio Amadeo (1447–1522), sculptor, engineer and architect
• Caterina Assandra (c. 1590 – after 1618), composer and Benedictine nun
• Bernardus Papiensis (pre-1150 – 18 September 1213), canonist and bishop
• Donato Conte de' Bardi (active 1426 – died 1450/1451), painter
• Belbello da Pavia (died c. 1470), painter
• Monica Boggioni (born 5 August 1998), Paralympic swimmer
• Luigi Valentino Brugnatelli (1761–1818), chemist
• Federico Burdisso (born 20 September 2001), swimmer
• Gerolamo Cardano (1501–1576), scientist
• Ines Castellani Fantoni Benaglio, also known by the pseudonym of Memini (1849–1897), writer
• Benedetto Cairoli (1825–1889), twice head of the government
• Alberto Carpani (23 April 1956 – 11 May 2020), singer
• Carlo M. Cipolla (1922–2000), economic historian
• Francesco Corbetta (1615–1681), guitar virtuoso, teacher and composer
• Antonio Luigi Gaudenzio Giuseppe Cremona (7 December 1830 – 10 June 1903), mathematician
• Tranquillo Cremona (1837–1878), painter
• Pietro Candido Decembrio (in Latin, Petrus Candidus Decembrius) (1399–1477), humanist
• Vincenzo degli Azani (died 16 July 1557), painter
• Aimone Duce (15th century), painter
• Epiphanias, 6th century saint
• Lorenzo Fasolo (1463–1518), painter
• Frederick V of Hohenstaufen (1164 – around 1170), duke of Swabia
• Gaetano Fraschini (1816– 1887), tenor
• Virginia Giorgi (1914–1991), gimnasta
• Paolo Gorini (1813-1881), matemático, profesor, científico y político
• Carlo Alessandro Guidi (1650-1712), poeta lírico
• El papa Juan XIV (en latín: Ioannes XIV; falleció el 20 de agosto de 984), nacido Pietro Canepanova, obispo de Roma.
• Lanfranco (c. 1005–1089), abad y arzobispo de Canterbury.
• Liutperto (o Liutbert) (fallecido en 702), rey lombardo de Italia
• Liutprando de Cremona (c. 920-972), historiador, diplomático y obispo de Cremona
• Gina Elena Zefora Lombroso (1872–1944), médica, escritora, psiquiatra y criminóloga.
• Bernardino Lunati (1452-1497), cardenal católico romano
• Ambrogio Maestri (nacido en 1970), barítono de ópera
• Germana Malabarba (1913-2002), gimnasta
• Enrica Malcovati (1894–1990), filóloga clásica.
• Cristoforo Mantegazza (c. 1430-1482), escultor
• Carla Marangoni (1915-2018), gimnasta
• Carlo Giuseppe Matteo Marangoni (1840-1925), físico
• Pasquale Massacra (1819-1849), pintor
• Mino Milani (1928–2022), escritor, caricaturista, periodista e historiador.
• Mattia Bruno Moreni (1920–1999), escultor y pintor.
• Cesare Mori (1871-1942), prefecto
• Andrea Carlo Moro (nacido el 24 de julio de 1962), lingüista, neurocientífico y novelista.
• Claudia Muzio (1889-1936), cantante de ópera
• Tiziana Nisini (nacida el 18 de octubre de 1975), política
• Mario Pascal (1896–1949), matemático aplicado, especializado en mecánica de fluidos y aerodinámica.
• Pietro Pavesi (1844-1907), profesor de zoología
• Max Pezzali (1967), cantautor
• Pietro Romualdo Pirotta (1853-1936), profesor de botánica
• Maria Poiani Panigati (nacida el 17 de marzo de 1982), nadadora paralímpica.
• Luigi Porta (1800–1875), cirujano y profesor
• Giovanni Marchese di Provera , o Johann Provera (1736–1804). Sirvió en el ejército de los Habsburgo.
• Andrea Re (nacida el 15 de noviembre de 1963), remera de peso ligero
• Arturo Riccardi (1878-1966), almirante
• Manfredi Rizza (nacido el 26 de abril de 1991), piragüista
• Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti (1855-1926), explorador, geógrafo, cartógrafo y naturalista
• Andrea Rocchelli (1983–2014), fotoperiodista independiente
• Alessandro Rolla (1757-1841), virtuoso de la viola y el violín, y compositor.
• Rotruda de Pavía (fallecida después de marzo de 945), noble.
• Mauro Ruscóni (1776–1849), médico y zoólogo.
• Pier Francesco Sacchi (activo entre 1512 y 1520), pintor
• Bianca Maria Sforza (1472-1510), reina de Alemania e Italia y emperatriz del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico.
• Francesco Maria Sforza (30 de enero de 1491-1512), noble
• Ippolita Maria Sforza (26 de enero de 1493-1501), mujer noble
• Giuseppe Simoni (1944), biólogo y científico
• Giovanni Spertini (1821-1895), escultor
• Giovanni Angelo Testagrossa (1470-1530), laudista y cantante
• Giovanni Battista Traverso (1878-1955), micólogo y fitopatólogo
• Carolina Tronconi (1913-2008), gimnasta
• Inés Vercesi (1916–1997), gimnasta
• Gian Galeazzo Visconti (1351-1402), primer duque de Milán
• Valentina Visconti (1371–1408), condesa de Vertus y duquesa consorte de Orléans.
• Violante Visconti (1354-1386), noble
• Franco Vittadini (1884–1948), compositor y director de orquesta.
• Rita Vittadini (1914-2000), gimnasta
• Camillo Zemi (1898–1959), lanzador de disco y de martillo.
• Ambrogio Maestri (* 1970), barítono

Entre las personas que han vivido en Pavía se encuentran:

• San Alejandro Sauli (1591–1592), obispo de Pavía
• Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), científico e inventor de la batería.
• Simion Bărnuțiu (1808-1864), filósofo y político
• Giacomo Trécourt (1812–1882), pintor italiano
• Camillo Golgi (1843–1926), biólogo y premio Nobel.
• Giovanni de Ventura (fl. 1479), médico de la peste
• Riccardo Pampuri (1897–1930), santo y médico.
• Ugo Foscolo (1778–1827), escritor, revolucionario y poeta italiano.
• Dionisio Solomos (1798-1857), poeta nacional de Grecia.
• Zaira Ollano (1904-1997), física
• Dante Troisi (1920–1989), escritor y juez

Entre los ilustres académicos que estudiaron o enseñaron en la Universidad de Pavía, merece la pena recordar al menos a los siguientes: el dramaturgo y libretista Carlo Goldoni (1707-1793), Gerolamo Cardano , el matemático Gerolamo Saccheri (1667-1733), Ugo Foscolo , Alessandro Volta, el inventor de la batería , el biólogo y fisiólogo Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799), el anatomista Antonio Scarpa (1752-1832), el médico Carlo Forlanini (1847-1918), el biólogo y premio Nobel Camillo Golgi , el químico y premio Nobel Giulio Natta (1903-1979) y Emanuele Severino (1929-2020), uno de los filósofos italianos contemporáneos más importantes.

• Jardín Botánico de Pavía
• Pavese
• Cimitero Monumentale di Pavía (Wikimedia Commons)

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Publicado en el siglo XIX.

• "Pavia" , Italia (2.ª ed.), Coblenza: Karl Baedeker, 1870, OL  24140254M
• "Pavia" , Guía para viajeros en el norte de Italia (16.ª ed.), Londres: John Murray, 1897, OCLC  2231483 , OL  6936521M

Publicado en el siglo XX

• Edward Hutton (1912), "Pavia" , Las ciudades de Lombardía , Nueva York: Macmillan Co, OL  7191828M
• "Pavia" , norte de Italia (14.ª ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1913, OL  16015532M
• Egerton R. Williams Jr. (1914), "Pavia (etc.)" , Ciudades lombardas de Italia , Londres: Smith, Elder & Co., OL  23316028M

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