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Transición presidencial de Barack Obama

La transición presidencial de Barack Obama comenzó cuando ganó las elecciones presidenciales de los Estados Unidos el 4 de noviembre de 2008 y se convirtió en el presidente elec...

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La transición presidencial de Barack Obama comenzó cuando ganó las elecciones presidenciales de los Estados Unidos el 4 de noviembre de 2008 y se convirtió en el presidente electo . Obama fue elegido formalmente por el Colegio Electoral el 15 de diciembre de 2008. Los resultados fueron certificados por una sesión conjunta del Congreso el 8 de enero de 2009 y la transición finalizó cuando Obama asumió el cargo el 20 de enero de 2009. [ 1] [2]

Organización de la transición

Los presidentes vivos George W. Bush , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton , Jimmy Carter y el presidente electo Barack Obama en la Oficina Oval de la Casa Blanca el 7 de enero de 2009

La organización de transición de Obama se llamó Proyecto de Transición Obama-Biden. [3] El equipo de transición se reunió durante el apogeo de la campaña , mucho antes de que se pudiera conocer el resultado, para comenzar a hacer los preparativos para una posible administración. Fue copresidido por John Podesta , quien fue el cuarto y último jefe de gabinete de la Casa Blanca de Bill Clinton y presidente/ director ejecutivo del Center for American Progress , [4] Valerie Jarrett , quien es una de las asesoras de Obama con más años de servicio, [5] [6] y Pete Rouse , exjefe de gabinete del Senado de Tom Daschle , quien sucedió a Rahm Emanuel como jefe de gabinete de Obama. [7]

El 5 de noviembre, la Administración de Servicios Generales declaró que Obama era el "ganador aparente", lo que lo hacía elegible para recibir fondos de transición y otros servicios gubernamentales, y le otorgaba acceso a su sede de transición presidencial de 2008 en Washington, DC [8]. Podesta estimó que la transición emplearía aproximadamente a 450 personas y tendría un presupuesto de aproximadamente $12 millones: $5,2 millones serían pagados por el gobierno federal y los $6,8 millones restantes serían financiados por fuentes privadas, con un límite de $5.000 por cada contribución. El proyecto de transición no aceptaría dinero de comités de acción política o grupos de presión federales. [9]

Equipo de transición

El 5 de noviembre, Obama anunció su equipo de transición completo, que se organizó como una organización sin fines de lucro exenta de impuestos bajo el código tributario federal de los EE. UU. 501(c)(4) . El consejo asesor estuvo compuesto por Carol Browner , William M. Daley , Christopher Edley , Michael Froman , Julius Genachowski , Donald Gips , Janet Napolitano , Federico Peña , Susan Rice , Sonal Shah , Mark Gitenstein y Ted Kaufman . [10]

Carta de la Administración de Servicios Generales al presidente electo Barack Obama

Los miembros del personal superior del equipo de transición incluyeron: [10]

Joshua Gotbaum y Michael Warren encabezaron el equipo de transición del Departamento del Tesoro . Además, Thomas Donilon y Wendy Sherman supervisaron la transición del Departamento de Estado . Seth Harris supervisó la transición en todas las agencias de trabajo, educación y transporte con Edward B. Montgomery liderando el equipo de revisión de agencias del Departamento de Trabajo , Mortimer Downey liderando el equipo de revisión de agencias del Departamento de Transporte y Judith Sherman liderando el equipo de revisión de agencias del Departamento de Educación . Finalmente, John P. White y Michele Flournoy lideraron la transición del Departamento de Defensa . [12]

Actividades como presidente electo

La administración Bush

El presidente electo Obama camina con el presidente Bush durante su reunión del 10 de noviembre
Laura Bush se reúne con Michelle Obama .

A mediados de octubre, la administración de George W. Bush convocó a un consejo de catorce miembros para coordinar e informar al equipo de transición de la campaña ganadora. [5] El New York Times informó que el jefe de gabinete de la Casa Blanca, Joshua Bolten, planeó entonces reclutar a su predecesor, Andrew Card , para supervisar la actividad. [5] El 6 de noviembre, Obama recibió su primer informe de inteligencia clasificado del director de inteligencia nacional John Michael McConnell y el director de la Agencia Central de Inteligencia Michael Hayden . [13]

El presidente Bush invitó a Obama y a su equipo a asistir a la cumbre del G-20 de 2008 en Washington, celebrada entre el 15 y el 20 de noviembre, para presentarlo a más de veinte líderes mundiales que asistieron al evento. Sin embargo, Obama no acudió y su equipo de transición envió al ex representante republicano Jim Leach y a la ex secretaria de Estado Madeleine Albright para reunirse con los jefes de Estado. [14] [15] Se esperaba que Obama hablara en una cumbre de las Naciones Unidas sobre el calentamiento global en Polonia en diciembre o permitiera que un representante como Al Gore presentara sus políticas. [4]

El 10 de noviembre, Obama viajó a la Casa Blanca y se reunió con el presidente Bush para tratar cuestiones de la transición, mientras que la primera dama Laura Bush llevó a su esposa Michelle a recorrer la mansión. NBC News informó que Obama adelantó su agenda económica con Bush, pidiéndole que intentara aprobar un paquete de estímulo en una sesión saliente del Congreso antes de la toma de posesión. También instó a Bush a acelerar el desembolso de 25.000 millones de dólares en fondos para rescatar a la industria automotriz y expresó su preocupación por la posibilidad de que más estadounidenses pierdan sus hogares a medida que las tasas hipotecarias aumenten nuevamente. [16] [17]

Según se informa, la administración Bush hizo todo lo posible para que la transición fuera lo más fluida posible para la administración entrante, lo que le valió el elogio de los miembros del personal de Obama y de expertos externos. Según casi todos los relatos, la administración Bush agilizó el proceso para que los nuevos funcionarios obtuvieran autorizaciones de seguridad y planeó ejercicios de entrenamiento para el equipo de seguridad nacional entrante , para asegurarse de que estuvieran listos para enfrentar una posible crisis el primer día en el cargo. Parte de esta mayor cooperación es requerida por leyes aprobadas a instancias de la Comisión del 11-S , mientras que otra parte se atribuye a la dificultad que tuvo la administración Bush con su propia transición, que duró sólo cinco semanas y se consideró que tuvo un efecto nocivo en la capacidad de Bush para gobernar. "No estoy seguro de haber visto nunca a una administración saliente esforzarse tanto por decir lo correcto", dijo Stephen Hess de la Brookings Institution . "Esto es realmente bastante memorable". [18]

Durante la transición, la administración Bush tuvo que abordar muchos asuntos importantes , incluso como presidente saliente. Había una crisis financiera en curso [19] y esta fue la primera transición presidencial desde la de Richard Nixon que se produjo mientras Estados Unidos estaba en guerra [20] .

Renuncia a cargos en el Senado

En el momento de su elección, el presidente electo Obama y el vicepresidente electo Joseph Biden eran senadores en ejercicio de los estados de Illinois y Delaware , respectivamente. De conformidad con el Artículo I, Sección 6 de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos , ambos debían renunciar a sus respectivos escaños en el Senado el 20 de enero de 2009 o antes para poder convertirse en presidente y vicepresidente.

La transición de Obama al Senado

Durante el período de transición, Obama habló desde un atril que tenía la inscripción " Oficina del Presidente Electo ".

Obama renunció al Senado el 16 de noviembre de 2008. [21] [22] Inicialmente, se pensó que su reemplazo sería nombrado por el gobernador de Illinois Rod Blagojevich . Dado que el mandato para el puesto expiró en enero de 2011, se llevaría a cabo su elección normal en 2010 sin necesidad de una elección especial . Se esperaba que Blagojevich nombrara al sucesor inmediato de Obama en el Senado antes del 3 de enero de 2009. [23] Sin embargo, el 9 de diciembre de 2008, el estado de la sucesión de Obama en el Senado quedó en duda después de que Blagojevich fuera arrestado por cargos federales de corrupción , que incluían supuestamente intentar vender el nombramiento. [24] Aunque fue puesto bajo custodia federal y liberado bajo fianza de $4,500, [25] mientras permaneció como gobernador Blagojevich continuó teniendo la autoridad exclusiva para hacer el nombramiento. [26] Varios demócratas, incluido el senador Dick Durbin , pidieron a la Asamblea General de Illinois que programara una elección especial en su lugar. [27]

Obama, hablando a través de un representante, pidió la renuncia de Blagojevich el 10 de diciembre. [28] Si Blagojevich hubiera renunciado o hubiera sido destituido de su cargo antes de hacer el nombramiento, la responsabilidad habría recaído en el vicegobernador de Illinois , Pat Quinn , quien sucedería a Blagojevich como gobernador. Sin embargo, el presidente del Senado de Illinois , Emil Jones, dijo que convocaría al Senado a una nueva sesión para redactar una ley que daría como resultado que el reemplazo de Obama se determine en una elección especial. [29]

Sin embargo, después de que la legislatura estatal no aprobara una ley que ordenara una elección especial para el puesto, el 30 de diciembre, Blagojevich anunció que nombraba a Roland Burris , ex fiscal general de Illinois , contralor de Illinois y funcionario del Departamento del Tesoro de los EE. UU. , para el puesto, citando su deber constitucional en ausencia de una ley que requiera una elección especial. [30] Blagojevich, Burris y el representante Bobby Rush instaron al público a considerar las calificaciones de Burris como servidor público y no los escándalos en los que Blagojevich estaba envuelto. [31]

Sin embargo, los demócratas del Senado emitieron una declaración en la que reafirmaron que se negarían a sentar a cualquiera designado para el puesto por Blagojevich, ya que ese individuo sería un representante ineficaz de Illinois debido a "cuestiones de impropiedad". [32]

Algunos miembros del Caucus Negro del Congreso , incluido Rush, expresaron su apoyo a la designación de Burris, que sería el único afroamericano en el Senado; Rush comparó el rechazo de Burris por parte del Senado con un linchamiento . [33] Sin embargo, el presidente electo Obama emitió una declaración condenando el nombramiento y pidiendo nuevamente la renuncia de Blagojevich. [34] Además, el Secretario de Estado de Illinois , Jesse White , reiteró que no certificaría ningún nombramiento hecho por Blagojevich, aunque en ese momento no estaba claro si esto podría impedir que Burris asumiera el cargo. [35] Además, el Senado en realidad no podría haber rechazado la designación de Burris, ya que cumplía con todos los requisitos constitucionales para el cargo y no estaba involucrado en el escándalo de corrupción de Blagojevich (según la decisión de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos Powell v. McCormack ). [36]

El 9 de enero de 2009, la Corte Suprema de Illinois dictaminó en el caso Burris v. White que el nombramiento solo requería la firma del gobernador para ser válido, y no la del Secretario de Estado de Illinois, y que el estado de Illinois no está obligado a utilizar el formulario de certificación recomendado por el Senado, ya que solo está "recomendado" según las Reglas Permanentes del Senado de los Estados Unidos. [37] [38] La Corte señaló además que "no se ha dado ninguna explicación sobre cómo cualquier regla del Senado, ya sea formal o meramente una cuestión de tradición, podría reemplazar la autoridad para llenar vacantes conferida a los estados por la constitución federal". [39] Después del fallo, White le proporcionó a Burris una copia certificada del registro del nombramiento, y Burris entregó esa copia, que lleva el sello del estado, al Secretario del Senado . [40] Sus credenciales declaradas válidas, Burris finalmente fue juramentado el 15 de enero de 2009 por el presidente saliente del Senado, Dick Cheney . [41] [42] [43]

Transición de Biden al Senado

Biden había indicado que permanecería en el Senado hasta que fuera juramentado como vicepresidente el 20 de enero de 2009. [44] Aunque fue juramentado para un séptimo mandato en el Senado a principios de enero de 2009, renunció al puesto el 15 de enero de 2009, después de haber servido poco más de 36 años en el cuerpo. [45] Fue el senador de Delaware con más años de servicio.

El 24 de noviembre de 2008, la gobernadora de Delaware, Ruth Ann Minner, anunció que Ted Kaufman sería el reemplazo designado de Biden. [46] Kaufman prestó juramento el 16 de enero de 2009. [47] En noviembre de 2010 se celebraron elecciones especiales en las que se eligió al candidato demócrata Chris Coons .

Durante su abreviado último mandato en el Senado, Biden realizó un viaje diplomático de investigación a Irak , Afganistán y Pakistán, convirtiéndose en el primer vicepresidente electo en emprender una misión de este tipo antes de asumir el cargo. [48]

Sitio web de Change.gov

El 5 de noviembre de 2008, el equipo de transición lanzó change.gov, el sitio web oficial de la transición. [49]

El sitio web incluía un blog y una página de empleos. [50] También tenía una sección que permitía a los visitantes compartir historias o sus visiones para el país. [51] Los visitantes podían comentar sobre temas importantes para ellos utilizando el Citizen's Briefing Book . Las personas que solicitaban trabajo dentro de la administración Obama a través de este sitio debían pasar por intensivas verificaciones de antecedentes penales y de consumo realizadas por ChoicePoint Corporation . [52] El sitio web utilizaba una licencia Creative Commons . [53]

Como parte de sus esfuerzos por lograr la transparencia, el 5 de diciembre el equipo de transición anunció que "todos los documentos de políticas de reuniones oficiales con organizaciones externas estarán disponibles públicamente para su revisión y discusión en Change.gov". Después de la inauguración, muchas de las funciones de change.gov fueron transferidas a un sitio web rediseñado de la Casa Blanca. [54]

Nombramientos administrativos

Treinta y uno de los nombramientos para el equipo de transición habían trabajado previamente en la administración Clinton , incluidos Podesta, el jefe de gabinete Rahm Emanuel y el jefe de gabinete de Biden, Ron Klain . [55]

Anuncios

Obama celebró conferencias de prensa casi a diario como presidente electo para anunciar al público los candidatos de su administración. [56] Presentó a los candidatos y ocasionalmente respondió preguntas de la prensa sobre temas como las dificultades económicas y la guerra en Afganistán. [57]

Los nombramientos de Lawrence Summers y Timothy F. Geithner en puestos económicos clave fueron criticados, con el argumento de que habían estado involucrados de manera destacada en la creación de muchas de las condiciones que llevaron a la crisis financiera de 2007-2008 , por lo que "el fracaso está siendo recompensado". [58] Summers fue un destacado defensor de la desregulación de los derivados , junto con Alan Greenspan y Robert Rubin , [59] [60] y durante su transición a Secretario del Tesoro, la ley que mantenía a los bancos comerciales fuera de Wall Street , la Ley Glass-Steagall , fue derogada. [58] Geithner, en cambio, fue criticado por no pagar 34.000 dólares en impuestos sobre la renta. [61]

El nombramiento de Eric Holder como fiscal general generó preocupación debido a su papel en el indulto de último minuto otorgado por Bill Clinton al financiero fugitivo Marc Rich . [62]

Durante su primera conferencia de prensa como presidente electo, el 7 de noviembre, Obama comentó sobre las sesiones espiritistas que la ex primera dama Nancy Reagan había celebrado en la Casa Blanca, lo que atrajo una amplia atención. [63] [64] [65] [66] Calificó esto como su "primer error" [67], Obama llamó a la señora Reagan más tarde esa noche para disculparse por lo que su portavoz dijo que fue un "comentario descuidado y descuidado". [68]

Gabinete y asesores principales

Hubo un retiro, el gobernador de Nuevo México Bill Richardson , a quien Obama había nombrado Secretario de Comercio . La administración de Richardson era, en ese momento, objeto de una investigación federal por corrupción; aunque sostuvo que su administración no era responsable de ninguna irregularidad, se retiró para evitar que un largo proceso de confirmación obstaculizara el trabajo del Departamento de Comercio de los EE. UU . [78] El puesto fue ocupado por Gary Locke .

Obama nombró a Tim Kaine como nuevo presidente del Comité Nacional Demócrata , en reemplazo de Howard Dean , quien tuvo enfrentamientos con Obama y sus asesores en el pasado. Kaine se desempeñó simultáneamente como gobernador de Virginia hasta que su mandato terminó en enero de 2010. [79]

Obama nombró a Aneesh Chopra para el nuevo puesto de Director de Tecnología de los Estados Unidos , a Vivek Kundra como Director de Información y a Jeffrey Zients como Director de Desempeño [80] [81] y subdirector de gestión de la Oficina de Administración y Presupuesto [82].

La reacción inicial a la elección de Leon Panetta por parte de Obama como director de la CIA fue mixta: algunos profesionales de inteligencia expresaron su preocupación por la falta de experiencia específica en inteligencia de Panetta, [83] y otros, como el ex congresista y copresidente del Grupo de Estudio sobre Irak Lee H. Hamilton, elogiaron la elección. [84]

Política interna

Política económica

Medio ambiente y energía

Asuntos exteriores y seguridad nacional

Mesa

Emerging agenda

Obama's developing presidential agenda was divided into domestic and foreign policy issues. In most cases, this agenda involved addressing crises already underway. His principal strategic decisions concerned how quickly to move bills through Congress.[110] Some of his advisors suggested moving quickly, as Franklin D. Roosevelt did in 1933, under the belief that a more moderate approach would waste valuable time early in his presidency, when his political capital will be strongest. Others suggested moving more slowly, as Bill Clinton did before his attempt to enact a national healthcare program, based on the notion that rapid change could quickly wear down any bipartisan consensus. He was expected, in any case, to issue a series of executive orders within days of his inauguration, including a reversal of Bush-era executive orders restricting funding to family planning (including abortion) services and stem-cell research.[110] There was also a possibility that a new cabinet level advisory post would be created overseeing the Department of Energy, Department of the Interior and the Environmental Protection Agency.[111]

According to Podesta, the transition team planned to conduct an exhaustive review of Bush's executive orders in an effort to find quick changes that could be implemented on the first day in office. Podesta also says that there is a great deal that can be accomplished without waiting for Congress to act and that Obama wanted to move quickly once in office to restore "a sense that the country is working on behalf of the common good."[112]

Economic agenda

The economic agenda under development initially focused on short-term measures intended to hold off widespread economic losses so that a longer-term economic agenda could then be formulated. That approach subsequently shifted to a longer-term stimulus plan, with a goal of creating 2.5 million jobs over a two-year period. With a cost of $700 to $800 billion, the stimulus plan would cost more than a quarter million dollars per job created (divide 750 billion by 2,500,000 yielding $300,000).[113] In a nationally televised interview on December 7, he acknowledged that his agenda has changed over the past month, and that a short-term stimulus package had again become his first priority. He wanted to emphasize "shovel ready" infrastructure projects to create new jobs quickly.[114] Barack Obama said he hoped to sign the stimulus package into law soon after taking office on January 20.

Obama's most immediate concern was an economic stimulus proposal that some Congressional Democrats had advocated. Like previous stimulus packages, that proposal was demand-side (Keynesian) in nature. It would likely consist of increased funding for unemployment benefits, the Food Stamp Program, and infrastructure projects, rather than tax rebates.[115] In fact, Obama claimed to be planning "the largest infrastructure program in roads and bridges and other traditional infrastructure since the building of the Interstate Highway System in the 1950s."[116] However, he also emphasized his plans to "green" the federal government by updating heating and lighting systems in federal buildings, as well as significant investment in technology initiatives such as mandatory electronic medical records, improved computers in schools, and universal availability of broadband Internet access.[117]

Additional funding for Medicaid was also being considered. A similar stimulus bill was passed by the House of Representatives on September 26, 2008, but never approved by the Senate.[115] Obama promised to promote a stimulus bill early in his presidency if one was not passed before his inauguration on January 20, 2009.[115] In addition, Obama considered the request of the U.S. automotive industry for a cash infusion of $50 billion in addition to the $25 billion that had already been approved, but emphasizing that his support is "conditioned on them making significant adjustments."[114]

Obama also planned to push for a program to spend $150 billion over 10 years to develop new renewable energy sources. This money would also be used to encourage energy conservation and help the auto industry develop fuel-efficient vehicles. However, Mother Jones reported that the Windfall Profits Tax on oil companies, which he frequently cited during the campaign, had been dropped from the agenda early in the transition.[110][118]

According to the transition's website, Obama also hoped to rekindle volunteerism by expanding AmeriCorps and the Peace Corps and also creating a new Classroom Corps. Other volunteer efforts reportedly include a Health Corps, Clean Energy Corps, and Veterans Corps. Middle and high school students would be asked to do 50 hours of community service work a year. College students would be eligible for $4,000 in tuition tax credits in exchange for community service work. Improved volunteerism programs aimed at senior citizens were projected, as well as augmented Youth Build and Head Start programs.[119]

Agenda on healthcare

On December 5, Tom Daschle, who was designated to lead Obama's efforts for health care reform, announced a month-long campaign to solicit public input on the shape of that reform. People were encouraged to hold community meetings to discuss the issue, and to post their thoughts on www.change.gov, where over 10,000 comments had already been posted. Although Democratic leaders had met in private for several months to prepare a legislative package for unveiling in January, Daschle was anxious to avoid the appearance that the transition was working behind closed doors to create a sweeping agenda for change.

This technique, developed by grass roots organizations like MoveOn.org, was designed to reinforce the notion that Obama intended to aggressively pursue his health care reform agenda despite the worsening economy. "President-elect Obama has made health reform one of his top priorities, and I'm here to tell you that his commitment to changing the healthcare system remains strong and focused", said Daschle.[120]

During a news conference on December 11, 2008, Obama linked health care reform to the upcoming economic stimulus package, noting that "It's not something that we can sort of put off because we're in an emergency." "This is part of the emergency." He expected the stimulus legislation to include a $40 billion increase in Medicaid spending over two years, plus a massive investment in health information management technology. Consideration was also being given to funding for retraining medical workers, expansion of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), and expansion of the COBRA provisions, which allow unemployed workers to purchase health insurance through their previous employer's plan.[121]

Foreign policy agenda

One of the principal foreign policy issues that Obama ran on during the presidential campaign was his promise to withdraw most American troops from the Iraq War within sixteen months of his inauguration.[122] Another issue concerned the three areas that President Bush had been focusing on during the final months of his term: Iran's nuclear development, North Korea's nuclear arsenal, and the Israeli-Palestinian peace talks. In all three cases, a diplomatic structure had already been established, although some of the Bush administration's goals differ from those Obama that would adopt as president.[122]

The Annapolis Conference gathers in November 2007.

In the Middle East, Bush began a new approach to the peace process, the so-called Annapolis process, which attempted to encourage Israeli and Palestinian leaders to agree on the outlines of a peace accord. Although both sides cited some success in these discussions, critics believed the talks unduly ignored Hamas, which has been labeled by the United States as a terrorist organization, despite the fact that it had held an enormous amount of political power in the region.[122] Obama had not specified what his approach would be, although it was considered likely that he would appoint a high-level Middle East envoy, in part to free his Secretary of State so that other matters can also be addressed.[122] Hamas expressed a willingness to talk to Obama, who has said that he would reciprocate only if it renounced terrorism, recognized Israel's right to exist, and agreed to abide by past agreements.[123] The Hamas leader in Gaza, Ismail Haniyeh, said the Hamas government would accept a Palestinian state that followed the Green Line and would offer Israel a long-term truce if Israel recognised the Palestinians' national rights.[124]

During his second term, Bush pursued an agreement with North Korea to end its nuclear weapons programs. To that end, Bush agreed to remove North Korea from the State Department's list of State Sponsors of Terrorism, which Obama supported.[122] Obama had criticized Bush for taking so long to engage with North Korea, and indicated he would be eager to engage in a more proactive manner in order to reach an agreement. A senior North Korean official recently[when?] told reporters that "we are ready to deal" with the incoming Obama administration.[122]

Obama also deliberated on how to deal with Iran. Outgoing Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice had assembled a coalition of six states—all five members of the United Nations Security Council plus Germany—to confront Iran.[122] While the group won approval from the United Nations, Iran largely ignored its demands. While Obama had previously advocated carefully planned direct talks with Iran, he was now being seen as likely to build on the current coalition to broker an agreement with Iran.[122]

In addition, Obama formulated a policy to deal with the U.S. missile defense shield that was under construction in Poland. He discussed the matter with both Polish President Lech Kaczyński and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev. While his advisors were working on a missile shield policy, his position at that time was simply that one might be deployed if and when it has been "proved to be workable".[125]

Obama also planned to revoke a series of executive orders enacted by Bush that authorized enhanced interrogation techniques which many critics have labeled as torture against "detainees."[110] The revocations would have the effect of requiring the CIA to abide by the Army Field Manual when it interrogated prisoners. Resistance was expected, however, from some in the Intelligence Community, regarding the practicality of a complete revocation of these orders. Obama also hoped to close the detention camp at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba, although issues were expected to arise because many of the detainees had been held without evidence or had been coerced in their confessions, which would not be admissible in a federal court.[110]

A November 20, 2008, Los Angeles Times article stated, "Antiwar groups and other liberal activists are increasingly concerned at signs that Barack Obama's national security team will be dominated by appointees who favored the Iraq invasion... 'It's astonishing that not one of the 23 senators or 133 House members who voted against the war is in the mix,' said Sam Husseini of the liberal group Institute for Public Accuracy."[126]

National defense

Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, who was retained in the Obama Administration, outlined an agenda for reform of the Department of Defense. His ideas centered on a perceived need to shift purchasing priorities away from costly high tech weapons, and toward lower cost alternatives that are more appropriate for the wars the U.S. was currently fighting, as well as those he believed might lie in the immediate future. He noted that there are limits to U.S. military power, and believed that the emphasis should be shifted away from fighting, and toward training, advising and equipping allied forces to fight.[127]

Specific areas Gates and Obama agreed on were said to include:

Energy policy

Obama made energy policy one of his topmost priorities in his 2008 campaign.[129] Towards his energy goals of United States energy independence through investment in alternative energy production he has set the following objectives:

  • Within ten years save more oil than current imports from the Middle East and Venezuela combined.
  • By 2015 put one million plug-in hybrid vehicles on the road.
  • By 2012, 10% of U.S. electricity shall come from renewable sources and 25% by 2025.
  • By 2050, 80% of currently emitted greenhouse gases shall be eliminated.

To achieve these objectives, Obama proposed the following measures[130]

Appointees recruited by Obama with experience on energy policy included Peter Orszag, an expert on cap and trade programs, who was named as director of the Office of Management and Budget. John Podesta, transition chief, was an early advocate of Detroit's refocus on using lower carbon alternatives to gasoline.[132]

Secret Service preparations

The Secret Service, of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, was the lead agency for both security and logistics for the Inaugural Ceremony. Their plan was to open the event to as many spectators as possible. Security was expected to be strict, and vast portions of downtown Washington would be closed to all traffic. Initially, it was thought that up to 4 million people would descend upon the area of the National Mall, but later reports from the Secret Service suggested that the number might not be that high. Arrangements for 8000 police officers were made, however, and parking for up to 10,000 tour buses was arranged. A Metro spokesperson warned that the subway system "will be utterly overwhelmed." Camping was not permitted on the mall.[133][134]

On November 13, 2008, the Secret Service announced that Obama's codename would be "Renegade". In addition, his wife's is "Renaissance" and his daughters' are "Rosebud" and "Radiance".[135]

Residential transition

In keeping with tradition, President Bush left a letter (shown here on the Resolute desk) to Obama in the Oval Office.

The first family visited both Sidwell Friends School and Georgetown Day School before deciding on Sidwell.[136][137] The residential transition began with the first of two interim stops at the Hay-Adams Hotel on January 4.[138] The second interim stop was a move to Blair House on January 15, the traditional interim move date for residents-elect.[139] The residential transition began earlier than for most incoming presidents because the daughters began school at Sidwell on January 5.[139][140] During the campaign, Michelle Obama had stated that the residential transition would be planned to be as unified as possible for all members of the family.[141] Michelle's mother, Marian Robinson, made plans to move into the White House to assist with child care.[142] In the current real estate market, the Obamas did not intend to sell their South Side Chicago home that sits on the border between the Hyde Park and Kenwood community areas.[143]

Jenna and Barbara Bush had much advice for Malia and Sasha Obama. The Bush twins sent the Obama daughters an open letter that was published in The Wall Street Journal.[144][145]

The outgoing Bush family did not take much with them as they left the White House. Among the items they left behind was their official state china service, a Lenox gilt-edged style with a green basket weave border, estimated to be worth $492,798. However, what they did not take with them can be included in the collection of the presidential library.[146]

Vice President Dick Cheney was injured moving out of his residence just before the inauguration and used a wheelchair during the ceremony.[147]

Assessment of the transition

Experts have given the transition high praise. Numerous experts have referred to the transition between Bush and Obama as the "gold standard" for presidential transitions.[148][149][150][151][152] Both the Bush and Obama ends of the transition have been praised.[20]

The transition has been praised as "seamless", in part, for its adherence to Obama's insistence that there be "one president at a time", with Obama largely avoiding giving comment during the transition on matters Bush was handling, such as the ongoing financial crisis.[20][19]

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Halchin, L. Elaine (November 25, 2008). "Presidential Transitions: Issues Involving Outgoing and Incoming Administrations" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved January 14, 2009.
  • "Transcript: President-Elect Obama's First News Conference". The New York Times. November 7, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2008.
  • Sweet, Lynn (November 5, 2008). "Jarrett, Podesta, Rouse to lead Obama transition; Bill Daley co-chair". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
  • Baker, Peter; Jeff Zeleny (November 5, 2008). "For Obama, No Day to Bask as He Starts to Build His Team for Transition". The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
  • Baker, Peter (November 4, 2008). "No Time for Laurels; Now the Hard Part". The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2008. (Initial likely appointments to the transition team.)
  • "Possible Presidential Appointments". The New York Times. October 25, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
  • Espo, David (October 17, 2008). "Obama's transition team meets, candidate pushes on". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 21, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008. (Pre-election meeting of the Obama transition team.)
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