Orden de las palabras sujeto-objeto-verbo

En general, el somalí utiliza la estructura sujeto-objeto-verbo al hablar formalmente.

• Pustakam̥ + -e = pustakatte (പുസ്തകത്തെ)

El tamil, al ser una lengua con una estructura de núcleo final muy marcada, sigue un orden básico de palabras SOV (sujeto-objeto-verbo). Sin embargo, debido a su alta flexión, el orden de palabras es flexible y se utiliza con fines pragmáticos. Es decir, anteponer una palabra a la oración le da mayor énfasis; por ejemplo, un orden VSO (verbo-objeto-sólido) indicaría mayor énfasis en el verbo (la acción) que en el sujeto o el objeto. No obstante, estos órdenes de palabras están muy marcados, y el orden básico sigue siendo SOV.

El albanés tiene un orden de palabras libre, pero generalmente prefiere el orden sujeto-verbo-objeto (SVO). El orden sujeto-verbo-verbo (SOV) solo se da en el lenguaje poético.

Los armenios generalmente prefieren SOV.

El consenso lingüístico sostiene que el protogermánico tenía un orden de palabras libre, pero prefería el orden sujeto-verbo-objeto (SOV). Si bien algunas lenguas germánicas (incluido el inglés y la mayoría de las lenguas germánicas septentrionales ) han transitado al orden sujeto-verbo-objeto (SVO), el SOV sigue siendo una característica de algunas de las principales lenguas germánicas modernas , como el alemán y el neerlandés . Sin embargo, estas lenguas germánicas modernas con SOV también presentan un orden de palabras V2 , que reemplaza al SOV "por defecto", de modo que muchas oraciones se presentan como sujeto-verbo-objeto.

El griego antiguo tenía un orden de palabras libre, pero generalmente prefería las oraciones SOV (sujeto a verbo):

Esto es distinto del griego moderno , donde se prefiere SVO (Sujeto-Verbo-Objeto).

El sánscrito védico , la más antigua conocida de las lenguas indoarias , era una lengua flexiva y muy flexible en el orden de las palabras, lo que permitía todas las combinaciones posibles. Su descendiente, el sánscrito clásico , compartía esta característica, pero generalmente prefería las oraciones SOV (sujeto a verbo).

La mayoría de las lenguas indoarias posteriores siguen prefiriendo el orden de palabras SOV, por ejemplo:

Bengalí :

Hajong :

're' es una partícula que indica el caso acusativo y 'sei' indica el tiempo pasado declarativo. Aquí, 'e' se pronuncia como la 'i' en 'g i rl' y 'ei' se pronuncia como la 'ay' en 's ay' .

Hindi :

Maratí :

Nepalí :

Odia:

Urdu:

This preference is not fixed in all Indo-Aryan languages. Punjabi, for instance, may be characterised as following a Subject—Object—Verb typology overall, but some flexibility is permitted, and this tendency does not follow in sentences involving personal pronouns. Examples are shown here in both Shahmukhi (top, right-to-left) and Gurmukhi (bottom, left-to-right). The word forms used reflect those typical of spoken language. For Shahmukhi, vocalised forms with vowel diacritics have been used to explicitly indicate the forms used; in typical writing these are omitted in most words where regular patterns allow this information to be inferred contextually.

The following sentence exhibits the typical SOV word order tendency. The verb phrase is in retrospective perfect participle form, indicating completion of the action, and takes on the feminine plural suffixes in agreement with the gender and number of the object. The subject here is a masculine plural form; in this context it does not require agreement from the verb.

By contrast, in the following sentence the person involved, referred to by a first-person pronoun, is the object rather than the subject. The significance of people as a semantic category takes precedent over the SOV word order tendency, and the person is typically first even in sentences where that person is the object. The pronoun "mainū̃" has the postposition "nū̃" agglutinated to it, approximately meaning "to." Abstract concepts like desires and emotions typically come "to" people as agentive subjects.

The copula in Punjabi is extraverbal in function. While it can constitute the predicate of a sentence on its own, it does not enter the verb phrase when used alongside a full lexical verb. Instead, it acts as a marker of existence remote to or near to the situation. Some western dialects such as Pothohari have forms of the copula to indicate occurrence of a situation in the future.^[5]

However, some Indo-Aryan languages exhibit V2 word order in combination with SOV, most prominently Kashmiri. The non-finite verb (infinitive or participle) remains in final position, but the finite (i.e. inflected) part of the verb appears in second position. Simple verbs look like SVO, whereas auxiliated verbs are discontinuous and adhere to this pattern:

Given that Kashmiri is a V2 language, if the word tsũũţh 'apple' comes first then the subject kuur 'girl' must follow the auxiliary chhi 'is': tsũũţh chhi kuur khyevaan [Lit. "Apples is girl eating."]

Also, the word order changes depending on whether the phrase is in a main clause or in certain kinds of dependent clause. For instance, in relative clauses, the word order is SOVAux:

The Iranian languages almost uniformly exhibit SOV word order:

Kurdish (Kurmanji):

Kurdish (Sorani):

Ossetian:

Pashto:

Persian:

Talysh:

The Zaza language usually uses a subject–object-verb structure,^[6] but it sometimes uses subject-verb-object too.

Burmese is an analytic language.

Generally, Chinese varieties all feature SVO word order. However, especially in Standard Mandarin, SOV is tolerated as well. There is even a special particle 把 (bǎ) used to form an SOV sentence.^[11]

The following example that uses 把 is controversially labelled as SOV. 把 may be interpreted as a verb, meaning "to hold". However, it does not mean to hold something literally or physically. Rather, the object is held figuratively, and then another verb is acted on the object.

SOV structure is widely used in railway contact in order to clarify the objective of the order.^[12]

Hungarian word order is free, although the meaning slightly changes. Almost all permutations of the following sample are valid, but with stress on different parts of the meaning.