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modificación del clima

Un tornado cerca de Anadarko, Oklahoma , durante el brote de tornados de Oklahoma de 1999. Los investigadores meteorológicos podrían aspirar a eliminar o controlar fenómenos met...

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Un tornado cerca de Anadarko, Oklahoma , durante el brote de tornados de Oklahoma de 1999. Los investigadores meteorológicos podrían aspirar a eliminar o controlar fenómenos meteorológicos peligrosos como este.

La modificación del clima es el acto de manipular o alterar intencionalmente el clima . La forma más común de modificación del clima es la siembra de nubes , que aumenta las precipitaciones o nevadas, generalmente con el propósito de aumentar el suministro local de agua . [ 1 ] La modificación del clima también puede tener como objetivo prevenir la ocurrencia de fenómenos meteorológicos dañinos , como granizo o huracanes ; o provocar fenómenos meteorológicos dañinos contra un enemigo, como táctica de guerra militar o económica, como la Operación Popeye , donde se sembraron nubes para prolongar el monzón en Vietnam. La modificación del clima en la guerra ha sido prohibida por las Naciones Unidas en virtud del Convenio sobre la Modificación Ambiental .

Historia

En el norte de Europa, existía la creencia popular de que disparar cañones prevenía el granizo, lo que llevó a muchos pueblos agrícolas a disparar cañones sin munición. Veteranos de la Guerra de los Siete Años , las Guerras Napoleónicas y la Guerra Civil Estadounidense informaron que llovía después de cada gran batalla. Tras recopilarse sus historias en War and Weather , a finales del siglo XIX, el Departamento de Guerra de los Estados Unidos compró 9000 dólares en pólvora y explosivos para detonarlos en Texas, con la esperanza de condensar el vapor de agua en lluvia . Los resultados de la prueba, supervisada por Robert Dyrenforth , fueron inconclusos. [ 2 ]

Wilhelm Reich realizó experimentos para disipar las nubes en la década de 1950, cuyos resultados son controvertidos y no fueron ampliamente aceptados por la comunidad científica convencional.

In November 1954 the Thailand Royal Rainmaking Project (Thai: โครงการฝนหลวง) was initiated by King Bhumibol Adulyadej. He discovered that many areas faced the problem of drought. Over 82 percent of Thai agricultural land relied on rainfall. Thai farmers were not able to grow crops for lack of water. The royal rainmaking project debuted on 20 July 1969 at his behest, when the first rainmaking attempt was made at Khao Yai National Park. Dry ice flakes were scattered over clouds. Reportedly, some rainfall resulted. In 1971, the government established the Artificial Rainmaking Research and Development Project within the Thai Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.[3]

In January 2011, several newspapers and magazines, including the UK's Sunday Times and Arabian Business, reported that scientists backed by the government of Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, had created over 50 artificial rainstorms between July and August 2010 near Al Ain, a city which lies close to the country's border with Oman and is the second-largest city in the Abu Dhabi Emirate. The artificial rainstorms were said to have sometimes caused hail, gales and thunderstorms, baffling local residents.[4]

In the run up to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, the Chinese Government said they could control precipitation to some extent and that the Games would not be hampered by bad weather conditions. For this purpose they established a government office called the Beijing Weather Modification Office, which is under the national weather control office.[5][6]

Cloud seeding

Cloud seeding can be done by ground generators (left) or planes

Cloud seeding is a common technique to enhance precipitation. Cloud seeding entails spraying small particles, such as silver iodide, onto clouds to attempt to affect their development, usually with the goal of increasing precipitation. Cloud seeding only works to the extent that there is already water vapor present in the air. Critics generally contend that claimed successes occur in conditions which were going to lead to rain anyway. It is used in a variety of drought-prone countries, including the United States, China, India, and Russia. In China, there is a perceived dependency upon it in dry regions, and there is a strong suspicion it is used to "wash the air" in dry and heavily polluted places, such as Beijing.[7] In mountainous areas of the United States such as the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada,[8] cloud seeding has been employed since the 1950s.

Project Cirrus was an attempt by General Electric to modify the weather which ran from 1947-1952. During that time, under the supervision of the United States Air Force, attempts were made to create snowstorms and seed hurricanes by using silver iodide. While General Electric reported positive results, they also acknowledged that their experiments were controversial.[9]

The United Arab Emirates has been cloud seeding since the 2000s and aims to increase rainfall by 15-30% per year. The materials used are potassium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium, and other materials.[10][11]

Consequences

Societal

Not having adequate systems to handle weather modification may have disastrous consequences. "In the city of Jeddah in Western Saudi Arabia was damaged by floods in 2009 that reportedly killed more than 100 people; igniting questions of why the country doesn't have effective drainage systems in place."[11]

Human

The U.S. National Library of Medicine notes that the silver iodide has no known "ill effects" on people, although people's "hands may have remained yellowed for weeks" after being exposed to it.[12]

Storm prevention

Project Stormfury

Project Stormfury was an attempt to weaken tropical cyclones by flying aircraft into storms and seeding the eyewall with silver iodide. The project was run by the United States Government from 1962 to 1983. A similar project using soot was run in 1958, with inconclusive results.[13] Various methods have been proposed to reduce the harmful effects of hurricanes. Moshe Alamaro of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology[14] proposed using barges with upward-pointing jet engines to trigger smaller storms to disrupt the progress of an incoming hurricane; critics doubt the jets would be powerful enough to make any noticeable difference.[13]

Alexandre Chorin of the University of California, Berkeley, proposed dropping large amounts of environmentally friendly oils on the sea surface to prevent droplet formation.[15] Experiments by Kerry Emanuel[16] of MIT in 2002 suggested that hurricane-force winds would disrupt the oil slick, making it ineffective.[13] Other scientists disputed the factual basis of the theoretical mechanism assumed by this approach.[15]

La empresa floridana Dyn-O-Mat y su director ejecutivo, Peter Cordani, propusieron el uso de un producto patentado que desarrollaron, llamado Dyn-O-Gel, para reducir la intensidad de los huracanes. Esta sustancia es un polímero en polvo (un derivado del ácido poliacrílico ) que, según se informa, tiene la capacidad de absorber 1500 veces su propio peso en agua. La teoría es que el polímero se arroja a las nubes para eliminar su humedad y obligar a la tormenta a usar más energía para mover las gotas de agua más pesadas, ayudando así a disiparla. Al llegar a la superficie del océano, el gel se disuelve. Peter Cordani se asoció con Mark Daniels y Victor Miller, propietarios de AeroGroup , una empresa de aviación contratista del gobierno que operaba aeronaves militares retiradas comercialmente. Utilizando un bombardero B-57 de gran altitud, AeroGroup probó la sustancia arrojando 9000 libras desde la gran bodega de bombas del avión y dispersándolas en una gran célula de tormenta eléctrica frente a la costa este de Florida. Las pruebas fueron documentadas en vídeo y se difundieron internacionalmente, mostrando que las tormentas se habían eliminado con éxito mediante radar Doppler. En 2003, el programa se suspendió debido a la presión política ejercida por la NOAA . [ 17 ] Sin embargo, las simulaciones numéricas realizadas por la NOAA demostraron que no sería una solución práctica para sistemas de gran magnitud como un ciclón tropical. [ 18 ]

Cañones antigranizo en un congreso internacional sobre tiro con granizo celebrado en 1901.

Algunos agricultores han utilizado cañones antigranizo desde el siglo XIX para intentar protegerse del granizo , pero no existe evidencia científica fiable que confirme su eficacia. Otra nueva tecnología antihuracanes [ 19 ] consiste en un método para reducir la fuerza destructiva de los ciclones tropicales: bombear agua de mar y dispersarla con el viento en la parte inferior de dichos ciclones tropicales, en la pared del ojo.

modificación de huracán

La NOAA publicó una página donde aborda diversas ideas relacionadas con la manipulación de ciclones tropicales.

En 2007, "Cómo detener un huracán" [ 20 ] exploró varias ideas como:

Investigadores de la división de investigación de huracanes de la NOAA abordaron ideas basadas en el control de huracanes. [ 21 ]

Ideas posteriores (2017) incluyen la inversión láser en la misma línea que el enfriamiento láser (normalmente utilizado a temperaturas criogénicas), pero destinada a enfriar el milímetro superior del agua. Si se utilizara suficiente potencia, podría ser suficiente, combinada con modelado computacional, para formar un patrón de interferencia capaz de inhibir un huracán o reducir significativamente su intensidad al privarlo de energía térmica. [ 22 ] [ 23 ]

Otras propuestas para la modificación de huracanes incluyen la construcción de un gran conjunto de turbinas eólicas marinas a lo largo de la costa este de los Estados Unidos . Dichas turbinas tendrían el doble propósito de generar abundante energía y, al mismo tiempo, reducir la fuerza de los huracanes antes de que toquen tierra . [ 24 ] Además, los meteorólogos consideraron en el pasado el uso de bombas nucleares contra los huracanes , aunque la comunidad científica ha abandonado la idea. [ 25 ]

Bombear aguas profundas del océano para enfriar la superficie.

Bombear agua fría de las profundidades oceánicas frente a una tormenta tropical para enfriar la temperatura de la superficie del mar podría ser una técnica utilizada para combatir huracanes en el Atlántico antes de que se conviertan en huracanes de gran intensidad . [ 26 ] [ 27 ]

Es puramente especulativo y difícil de realizar, ya que colocar tales bombas en la trayectoria de un huracán sería complicado. Además, cualquier proyecto de este tipo requeriría un gran número de ellas para elevar suficiente agua como para enfriar una superficie marina lo suficientemente grande como para ser efectivo. Esto sin contar la gran cantidad de energía necesaria para alimentar dichas bombas y sus efectos en la vida marina. [ 28 ] [ 29 ]

En el ejército

La Operación Popeye fue una operación altamente clasificada llevada a cabo por el ejército estadounidense entre 1967 y 1972. [ 30 ] Su propósito era prolongar el monzón en el sudeste asiático. Las intensas precipitaciones lograron interrumpir la logística táctica del ejército vietnamita. Se considera que la Operación Popeye fue la primera aplicación exitosa de la tecnología de modificación del clima en la guerra. Tras su revelación, la modificación del clima en la guerra fue prohibida por el Convenio sobre la Modificación Ambiental (ENMOD). [ 31 ]

En "Benign Weather Modification", publicado en marzo de 1997, el mayor de la Fuerza Aérea Barry B. Coble documenta superficialmente la existencia de la ciencia de la modificación del clima, donde rastrea los desarrollos que se han producido, en particular, en manos de los enemigos ideológicos más acérrimos del Pentágono y la CIA.

  • The first scientifically controlled and monitored effort generally recognized by the meteorological community as constituting weather modification occurred in 1948. When Dr. Irving Langmuir first experimented with artificially seeding clouds to produce rain in New Mexico, his experiments showed positive results – sparking tremendous interest in the field nearly overnight.[32]
  • Many countries throughout the world practice weather modification. The Russians have long been interested in using weather modification as a way to control hail.[33]

In the 1990s a directive from the chief of staff of the Air Force Ronald R. Fogleman was issued to examine the concepts, capabilities, and technologies the United States would require to remain the dominant air and space force in the future.

In law

US and Canada agreement

In 1975, the US and Canada entered into an agreement under the auspices of the United Nations for the exchange of information on weather modification activity.[34]

1977 UN Environmental Modification Convention

Weather modification, particularly hostile weather warfare, was addressed by the "United Nations General Assembly Resolution 31/72, TIAS 9614 Convention[35] on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques." The Convention was signed in Geneva on May 18, 1977; entered into force on October 5, 1978; ratified by U.S. President Jimmy Carter on December 13, 1979; and the U.S. ratification deposited in New York on January 17, 1980.[36]

US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

In the US, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration keeps records of weather modification projects on behalf of the Secretary of Commerce, under the authority of Public Law 92-205, 15 USC § 330B, enacted in 1971.[37]

Proposed US legislation

U.S. Senate Bill 517[38] and U.S. House Bill 2995[39] were two bills proposed in 2005 that would have expanded experimental weather modification, to establish a Weather Modification Operations and Research Board, and implemented a national weather modification policy. Neither was made into law.

Senate Bill 1807 and House Bill 3445, identical bills introduced July 17, 2007, proposed to established a Weather Mitigation Advisory and Research Board to fund weather modification research[40][41]

Passed Tennessee legislation

Tennessee bill HB 2063/SB 2691 was signed into law on April 11, 2024. This bill bans the "intentional injection, release, or dispersion" of chemicals within Tennessee "with the express purpose of affecting temperature, weather, or the intensity of the sunlight".[42][43]

The text of the bill doesn't explicitly reference the chemtrail conspiracy theory, but the sponsor of the bill, Sen. Steve Southerland said that it is one of the intended targets of the bill.[44]

In religion and mythology

Witches concoct a brew to summon a hailstorm.

Magical and religious practices to control the weather are attested in a variety of cultures. In ancient India, it is said that yajna or Vedic rituals of chanting mantras and offerings were performed by rishis to bring sudden bursts of rainfall in rain starved regions.

Some Indigenous Americans, like some Europeans, had rituals which they believed could induce rain.

The early modern era saw people observe that during battles the firing of cannons and other firearms often initiated precipitation.

In Greek mythology, Iphigenia was offered as a human sacrifice to appease the wrath of the goddess Artemis, who had becalmed the Achaean fleet at Aulis at the beginning of the Trojan War. In Homer's Odyssey, Aeolus, keeper of the winds, bestowed Odysseus and his crew with a gift of the four winds in a bag. However, the sailors opened the bag while Odysseus slept, looking for booty (money), and as a result, were blown off course by the resulting gale.[45] In ancient Rome, the lapis manalis was a sacred stone kept outside the walls of Rome in a temple of Mars. When Rome suffered from drought, the stone was dragged into the city.[46] The Berwick witches of Scotland were found guilty of using black magic to summon storms to murder King James VI of Scotland by seeking to sink the ship upon which he travelled.[47] Scandinavian witches allegedly claimed to sell the wind in bags or magically confined into wooden staves; they sold the bags to seamen who could release them when becalmed.[48] In various towns of Navarre, prayers petitioned Saint Peter to grant rain in times of drought. If the rain was not forthcoming, the statue of St Peter was removed from the church and tossed into a river.

In the Hebrew Bible, it is recorded that Elijah in the way of judgement, told King Ahab that neither dew nor rain would fall until Elijah called for it.[49] It is further recorded that the ensuing drought lasted for a period of 3.5 years at which time Elijah called the rains to come again and the land was restored.[50] The New Testament records Jesus Christ controlling a storm by speaking to it.[51]

In Islam, Salat Al-Istisqa’ (Prayer for Rain) is taken as a recourse when seeking rain from God during times of drought.[52]

Conspiracy theories

Weather modification, along with climate engineering, is a recurring theme in conspiracy theories.

The chemtrails conspiracy suggests that trails left by aircraft contain nefarious chemical or biological agents which are being used as chemical or biological warfare, or that weather control projects are in some way sinister.[53][a] The theory may also implicate contrails,[55] which have been shown to be different to chemtrails.[56]

Other theories attempt to implicate scientific infrastructure such as the High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP).[57]

In the franchise of both The Bionic Woman and The Six Million Dollar Man. In 1976, the weather control machine by Dr. Franklin, played by John Houseman featured in the "Kill Oscar" trilogy.

Frank Herbert's Dune series features weather control technology, mainly on two planets: Arrakis, where the technology is used by the Fremen to assure privacy from observation and hide their true population and their plans to terraform the planet from the Imperium; and, Chapterhouse, where the Bene Gesserit intend to turn the planet into a desert.

The ability to manipulate the weather has become a common superpower in superhero fiction. A notable example is the Marvel Comics character Storm.

In the children's book Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, the fictional town of Chewandswallow has weather that rains down food instead of actual rain or snow, which becomes so extreme it forces its citizens to move to a different town. This was adapted into a movie where Flint Lockwood, the town's outcast and scientist, has created a machine that converts water from the clouds into food.

In the Star Trek franchise, the United Federation of Planets has weather modification technology, in addition to terraforming capabilities.

In One Piece, a (fictitious) powder called Dance Powder capable of making artificial rain plays a key role in Alabasta Arc's plot.

See also

Note List

  1. ↑Silver iodide does have some toxicity,[54] thus it could be argued cloud seeding trails containing silver iodide are chemtrails. The conspiracy theory aspect however refers more to undisclosed chemicals, intentional poisoning, or something that is being done for a nefarious purpose.[53]

References

  1. ↑Gelt, Joe. "Weather Modification: A Water Resource Strategy to be Researched, Tested Before Tried". University of Arizona. Archived from the original on June 5, 1997. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
  2. ↑Ley, Willy (February 1961). "Let's Do Something About the Weather". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 72–84.
  3. ↑Royal Rainmaking Project
  4. ↑Leigh, Karen (January 3, 2011). "Abu Dhabi-backed scientists create fake rainstorms in $11m project". Arabian Business. Archived from the original on January 7, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  5. ↑olympics-china-weather-control/control, www.washingtonpost.com
  6. ↑"中国气象局人工影响天气中心正式启动-中国气象局政府门户网站". www.cma.gov.cn.
  7. ↑Guo, Xueliang; Fu, Danhong; Li, Xingyu; Hu, Zhaoxia; Lei, Henchi; Xiao, Hui; Hong, Yanchao (February 2015). "Advances in Cloud Physics and Weather Modification in China". Advances in Atmospheric Sciences. 32 (2). SCIENCE PRESS: 230–249. Bibcode:2015AdAtS..32..230G. doi:10.1007/s00376-014-0006-9. S2CID 123262627. Archived from the original on November 21, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2019– via Web of Science.
  8. ↑Hunter, Steven M. "Optimizing Cloud Seeding for Water and Energy in California. California Energy Commission, PIER Energy-Related Environmental Research Program. CEC-500-2007-008"(PDF). U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original(PDF) on May 1, 2009.
  9. ↑"History of Project Cirrus"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on March 1, 2019.
  10. ↑The National (January 18, 2018), Cloud seeding: How the UAE gets creative to increase rainfall, archived from the original on January 12, 2020, retrieved July 20, 2019
  11. 12"Is cloud seeding the answer to our unstable weather?". The Independent. January 17, 2018. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  12. ↑"TOXNET". toxnet.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  13. 123Mullins, Justin (September 14, 2005). "Could humans tackle hurricanes?". New Scientist. Archived from the original on November 1, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  14. ↑"Moshe Alamaro's brief bio". Alamaro.home.comcast.net. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
  15. 12Merali, Zeeya (July 25, 2005). "Oil on troubled waters may stop hurricanes". New Scientist. Archived from the original on May 26, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  16. ↑"Kerry Emanuel's Homepage". Wind.mit.edu. May 15, 2002. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
  17. ↑Kahn, Jennifer (September 1, 2002). "Rain, Rain, Go Away". Discover Magazine. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  18. ↑Subject: C5d) Why don't we try to destroy tropical cyclones by adding a water absorbing substance ?Archived March 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, NOAA HRD FAQ
  19. ↑"WO/2006/085830) A METHOD OF AND A DEVICE FOR THE REDUCTION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES DESTRUCTIVE FORCE". patentscope.wipo.int. Retrieved May 15, 2025.
  20. ↑"How to stop a Hurricane". CBC. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  21. ↑"Hurricane Research Division - Tropical Cyclone Modification And Myths". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 1, 2017. Archived from the original on June 4, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  22. ↑Trafton, Anne (April 5, 2007). "Laser-cooling brings large object near absolute zero". MIT News. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  23. ↑Lanston, Jennifer (November 16, 2015). "UW team refrigerates liquids with a laser for the first time". University of Washington News. Archived from the original on May 26, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  24. ↑Mark Z. Jacobson; Cristina L. Archer; Willett Kempton (February 26, 2014). "Taming hurricanes with arrays of offshore wind turbines". Nature Climate Change. 4 (3): 195–200. Bibcode:2014NatCC...4..195J. doi:10.1038/nclimate2120.
  25. ↑Morales, John (February 8, 2022). "The role of the scientist in a post-truth world". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved December 26, 2025.
  26. ↑"Controlling hurricanes is bold, risky and failed idea. Some want to try again. - The Washington Post". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2025.
  27. ↑Sokolowsky, Eric (February 11, 2004). "NASA Scientific Visualization Studio | Cold Water Trails from Hurricanes Fabian and Isabel (WMS)". NASA Scientific Visualization Studio.
  28. ↑Annie Reisewitz (September 10, 2022). "Artificial ocean cooling to weaken hurricanes is futile, study finds". Phys Org. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
  29. ↑"Hurricane Research Division - Why don't we try to destroy tropical cyclones by cooling the surface waters with icebergs or deep ocean water ?". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 1, 2017. Archived from the original on June 4, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  30. ↑"Operation Popeye, Motorpool, Intermediary, Compatriot: Weather Warfare Over Vietnam · Weather Modification History". weathermodificationhistory.com. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
  31. ↑"United Nations Treaty Collection". treaties.un.org. Archived from the original on July 11, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
  32. ↑Langmuir, Irving (December 13, 1948). Final Report: Project Cirrus (Report No. PL 140 ed.). General Electric Research Laboratory. p. 14.
  33. ↑Vostruxov, Ye (September 1987). Laser and Cloud: Unusual Experiment of Siberian Scientists. translated by SCITRAN, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Foreign Technology Division. p. 5.
  34. ↑"Agreement Relating to the Exchange of Information on Weather Modification Activities"(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on August 16, 2011. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
  35. ↑"Environmental Modification Convention". Fas.org. Archived from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
  36. ↑"Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on November 14, 2020. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
  37. ↑"15 USC CHAPTER 9A – WEATHER MODIFICATION ACTIVITIES OR ATTEMPTS; REPORTING REQUIREMENT". Archived from the original on April 9, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
  38. ↑"S. 517 [109th]: Weather Modification Research and Development Policy Authorization Act of 200". Archived from the original on January 5, 2012. Proposed by U.S. SenatorKay Bailey Hutchison of Texas and then U.S. Representative (later Senator) Mark Udall of Colorado
  39. ↑"H.R. 2995 [109th]: Weather Modification Research and Technology Transfer Authorization Act of 2005". GovTrack.us. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
  40. ↑DiLorenzo, Stephen (January 15, 2008). "Weather Modification Law and Technology in the United States: A Need for Further Research". Journal of Technology Law & Policy: Currents. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on April 5, 2008.
  41. ↑"S. 1807 [110th]: Weather Mitigation Research and Development Policy Authorization Act of 2007". GovTrack.us. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
  42. ↑"Tennessee lawmakers give final approval to 'chemtrails' bill". The Tennessean. Retrieved April 16, 2024.
  43. ↑"Tennessee General Assembly Legislation". wapp.capitol.tn.gov. Retrieved April 16, 2024.
  44. ↑Stockard, Sam (March 26, 2024). ""Chemtrail" bill set for House circuit described as "nonsense" • Tennessee Lookout". Tennessee Lookout. Retrieved April 16, 2024.
  45. ↑Homer, The Odyssey, book 10.
  46. ↑Sir James Frazer, The Golden Bough, ch. 5 (abridged edition), "The Magical Control of Rain"
  47. ↑Christopher Smout, A History of the Scottish People 1560–1830, pp. 184–192
  48. ↑Adam of Bremen and Ole Worm are quoted as maintaining this in Grillot de Givry's Witchcraft, Magic and Alchemy (Frederick Publications, 1954).
  49. ↑1 Kings 17:1
  50. ↑1 Kings 18
  51. ↑Mark 4:39
  52. ↑Yousry (February 16, 2017). "Prayer for Rain (Salat Al-Istisqa')". www.prayerinislam.com. Archived from the original on September 26, 2019. Retrieved September 26, 2019.
  53. 12Álvarez, C. Llanes; Uría, A. San Roman; Nancabu, P. Nunes; Gippini, M. Ruiz; Landeiro, P. López; Martín, M. Á Franco (March 2016). "Chemtrails: An Overview of The Phenomenon". European Psychiatry. 33 (S1): S450–S450. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1635. ISSN 0924-9338.
  54. ↑Fajardo, C.; Costa, G.; Ortiz, L.T.; Nande, M.; Rodríguez-Membibre, M.L.; Martín, M.; Sánchez-Fortún, S. (November 2016). "Potential risk of acute toxicity induced by AgI cloud seeding on soil and freshwater biota". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 133: 433–441. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.06.028. ISSN 0147-6513. Archived from the original on December 29, 2024.
  55. ↑Mazón Bueso, Jordi; Costa, Marcel; Pino González, David (April 3, 2018). "Aircraft clouds: from chemtrail pseudoscience to the science of contrails". Mètode Science Studies Journal. 8: 1–7. doi:10.7203/metode.8.9954. hdl:2117/116190. ISSN 2174-9191.
  56. ↑"Chemtrails are Not Contrails: Radiometric Evidence"(PDF). Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International. 24 (2). 2020.
  57. ↑"Calling All Conspiracy Theorists: Alaska's "Mind-Control Lab" is Hosting an Open House". www.smithsonianmag.com.

Further reading

  • Weather as a Force Multiplier:, Owning the Weather in 2025 – August 1996 – Department of Defense
  • Operational Defenses through Weather Control in 2030
  • Fixing the Sky: The Checkered History of Weather and Climate Control
  • China Lake by Barret Baumgart (2017)