Articulo de referencia

Protestas contra el oleoducto Dakota Access

Las protestas contra el oleoducto Dakota Access o las protestas de Standing Rock, [6] también conocidas por el hashtag #NoDAPL , fueron una serie de protestas populares de nativ...

Las protestas contra el oleoducto Dakota Access o las protestas de Standing Rock, [6] también conocidas por el hashtag #NoDAPL , fueron una serie de protestas populares de nativos americanos contra la construcción del oleoducto Dakota Access en el norte de los Estados Unidos que comenzaron en abril de 2016. Las protestas terminaron el 23 de febrero de 2017 cuando la Guardia Nacional y los agentes del orden desalojaron a los últimos manifestantes restantes.

El oleoducto se extiende desde los yacimientos petrolíferos de Bakken, en el oeste de Dakota del Norte, hasta el sur de Illinois, y cruza por debajo de los ríos Misuri y Misisipi , así como por debajo de una parte del lago Oahe , cerca de la reserva india de Standing Rock . Muchos miembros de la tribu sioux de Standing Rock y de las comunidades aledañas consideran que el oleoducto supone una grave amenaza para el agua de la región. La construcción también amenaza directamente a antiguos cementerios y lugares culturales de importancia histórica.

Fondo

En abril de 2016, los jóvenes de Standing Rock y las comunidades indígenas de los alrededores organizaron una campaña para detener el oleoducto, bajo el nombre de "ReZpect Our Water" (Respetemos nuestra agua). [7] Inspirados por los jóvenes, varios adultos, entre ellos Joye Braun de la Red Ambiental Indígena [8] y la historiadora tribal LaDonna Brave Bull Allard , establecieron un campamento de protectores del agua como centro de acción directa, demostrando una resistencia espiritual al oleoducto tanto en defensa de la soberanía indígena como de la preservación cultural. El hashtag #NoDAPL comenzó a ser tendencia en las redes sociales, y los campamentos en Standing Rock gradualmente crecieron hasta llegar a miles de personas. [8]

Protestas

El conflicto entre los protectores del agua y las fuerzas del orden se intensificó durante el verano y el otoño. En septiembre de 2016, los trabajadores de la construcción arrasaron con excavadoras una sección de tierra de propiedad privada que la tribu había reclamado como territorio sagrado. Cuando los manifestantes invadieron la zona, los trabajadores de seguridad utilizaron perros de ataque que mordieron al menos a seis de los manifestantes y a un caballo. [9] En octubre de 2016, la policía militarizada desalojó un campamento que estaba situado en la ruta propuesta para el oleoducto. [10] En noviembre de 2016, la policía lanzó múltiples botes de gas lacrimógeno y cañones de agua contra los manifestantes en un clima gélido, lo que atrajo una gran atención de los medios. [11]

Las protestas contra el oleoducto comenzaron a registrarse en octubre de 2014, cuando activistas ambientales y comunitarios de Iowa presentaron 2.300 peticiones al gobernador de Iowa, Terry Branstad, pidiéndole que firmara una orden ejecutiva estatal para detenerlo. [12] Expresando su preocupación por los daños al hábitat de la vida silvestre y los sitios sagrados, la tribu Sac & Fox del Mississippi en Iowa ( nación Meskwaki ) también se opuso a la ruta y presentó formalmente su oposición a principios de 2015. [13] Los miembros tribales también se encontraban entre los que se opusieron al oleoducto Keystone XL . [14] En una carta a la Junta de Servicios Públicos de Iowa, la presidenta tribal Judith Bender escribió que había "preocupaciones ambientales sobre la tierra y el agua potable... solo hará falta un error y la vida en Iowa cambiará durante los próximos miles de años". [13]

La tribu presentó una demanda para obtener una orden judicial con el argumento de que el Cuerpo de Ingenieros del Ejército de Estados Unidos no había realizado un estudio adecuado de impacto ambiental y cultural. Las protestas se habían intensificado en el sitio del oleoducto en Dakota del Norte, y el número de personas que participaron pasó de apenas un puñado a cientos y luego a miles durante el verano. [15]

La tribu sioux de Standing Rock cree que el oleoducto pondría en riesgo el río Misuri, la fuente de agua de la reserva. Señalaron dos derrames recientes en otros sistemas de oleoductos, un derrame de oleoducto en 2010 en el río Kalamazoo en Michigan, que costó más de mil millones limpiar y dejó una contaminación significativa restante, y un derrame de petróleo crudo de Bakken en 2015 en el río Yellowstone en Montana. [16] [17] [18] La tribu también estaba preocupada de que la ruta del oleoducto pudiera pasar por sitios sagrados sioux. En agosto de 2016 se llevaron a cabo protestas, deteniendo una parte del oleoducto cerca de Cannon Ball, Dakota del Norte . [19] [20] Las protestas continuaron y atrajeron a pueblos indígenas de toda América del Norte, así como a otros partidarios. Se produjeron varios arrestos planificados cuando las personas se encadenaron a maquinaria pesada. [21]

El 23 de agosto de 2016, la tribu sioux de Standing Rock publicó una lista de 87 gobiernos tribales que escribieron resoluciones, proclamaciones y cartas de apoyo declarando su solidaridad con Standing Rock y el pueblo sioux. [22] Desde entonces, muchas más organizaciones de nativos americanos, políticos, grupos ambientalistas y grupos de derechos civiles se unieron al esfuerzo en Dakota del Norte, incluido el movimiento Black Lives Matter , líderes indígenas de la cuenca del Amazonas de América del Sur, el senador de Vermont Bernie Sanders , la candidata presidencial del Partido Verde de 2016 Jill Stein y su compañero de fórmula Ajamu Baraka , y muchos más. [23] El Washington Post lo llamó un "movimiento nacional para los nativos americanos". [8] [24] En septiembre, la protesta constituyó la reunión más grande de nativos americanos en más de 100 años. [25] [26]

Presentación de las Naciones Unidas

El 20 de septiembre de 2016, el presidente tribal de Standing Rock, David Archambault II, se dirigió al Consejo de Derechos Humanos de la ONU en Ginebra, Suiza , donde pidió "a todas las partes que detengan la construcción del oleoducto Dakota Access". Citando el Tratado de Traverse des Sioux de 1851 y el Tratado de Fort Laramie de 1868 , dos tratados ratificados por el Senado de los EE. UU. que reconocen la soberanía nacional de los sioux, Archambault dijo al Consejo que "las compañías petroleras y el gobierno de los Estados Unidos no han respetado nuestros derechos soberanos". [27]

El 22 de septiembre de 2016, Victoria Tauli-Corpuz , experta de las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas , amonestó a los EE. UU. diciendo que "a la tribu se le negó el acceso a la información y se la excluyó de las consultas en la etapa de planificación del proyecto, y las evaluaciones ambientales no revelaron la presencia y proximidad de la reserva sioux de Standing Rock". También respondió a los derechos de los manifestantes contra el oleoducto, diciendo que "las autoridades estadounidenses deben proteger y facilitar plenamente el derecho a la libertad de reunión pacífica de los pueblos indígenas, que desempeña un papel clave en el empoderamiento de su capacidad para reclamar otros derechos". [28]

El 25 de abril de 2017, Brenda White Bull, descendiente de Toro Sentado , miembro de la Reserva Lakota de Standing Rock y delegada de la Red Ambiental Indígena , habló en el Foro Permanente para las Cuestiones Indígenas de la ONU . Se refirió específicamente a la resistencia indígena contra Dakota Access y el uso injustificado de la violencia por parte del estado. Afirmó que "somos más poderosos que sus fuerzas policiales militarizadas y sus armas [las del estado], porque estamos armados con la oración". [29] Además, se refirió indirectamente a un principio indígena ampliamente reconocido de que "el agua es vida", advirtiendo contra la contaminación de las fuentes de agua en Standing Rock, hablando como guardiana en su nombre. Frente a las violaciones violentas de los derechos de la comunidad de Standing Rock y sus fuentes de agua, exigió que Estados Unidos implemente la Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas , advirtiendo que si no lo hacen, Standing Rock lo hará por sí mismo. [29]

Confrontaciones y violencia en materia de seguridad

El 3 de septiembre de 2016, el oleoducto Dakota Access contrató a una empresa de seguridad privada cuando la empresa utilizó excavadoras para excavar parte de la ruta del oleoducto que contenía posibles lugares de enterramiento y artefactos de importancia cultural; estaba sujeto a una moción de orden judicial pendiente. Las excavadoras llegaron un día después de que Standing Rock Sioux presentara una demanda. [30] Las excavadoras de Energy Transfer cortaron un camino de dos millas (3200 m) de largo y 150 pies (45 m) de ancho a través del área en disputa. [31] [32]

El informe de Goodman

Cuando los manifestantes cruzaron la valla perimetral hacia una propiedad privada para detener las excavadoras, se enfrentaron a los perros guardianes y a los esprays de pimienta. [33] Al menos seis manifestantes fueron tratados por mordeduras de perro, y se estima que a unos 30 se les roció con espray de pimienta antes de que los guardias y sus perros abandonaran el lugar en camiones. Una mujer que había participado en el incidente declaró: "Los policías vieron todo desde las colinas. Parecía que estaban tratando de provocarnos para que fuéramos violentos cuando somos pacíficos". [32] El incidente fue filmado por Amy Goodman y un equipo de Democracy Now! [31] [34] Las imágenes muestran a varias personas con mordeduras de perro y a un perro con sangre en el hocico. [32] [35] [36]

Frost Kennels de Hartville, Ohio, reconoció que estuvieron involucrados en el incidente del 3 de septiembre. [37] El director ejecutivo de Private Investigator Security Guard Services, Geoff Dutton, dijo que Frost Kennels y su propietario, Bob Frost, no tenían licencia del estado de Ohio para proporcionar servicios de seguridad o perros guardianes. El sheriff del condado de Morton , Kyle Kirchmeier, dijo que estaban investigando a ambos lados del incidente, incluidas las heridas infligidas por los perros, y que no tenían conocimiento previo del uso de perros hasta que se realizó una llamada al 9-1-1 . Cuando se le preguntó por qué los agentes que presenciaron el incidente no intervinieron, Kirchmeier citó preocupaciones sobre la seguridad de los agentes, [37] y afirmó que fue "más como un motín que una protesta" y que había una investigación sobre "el incidente y las personas que organizaron y participaron en este evento ilegal". [38]

Después de ver las imágenes del ataque, un asesor de las fuerzas del orden que entrena perros de policía lo calificó de "absolutamente espantoso" y "reprobable". "Coger perros que muerden y ponerlos al final de una correa para intimidar, amenazar y prevenir el crimen no es apropiado". [37] Un ex oficial K-9 del Departamento de Policía de Grand Forks que ahora es dueño de una empresa de seguridad que utiliza perros para la detección de drogas dijo: "Me recordó al movimiento por los derechos civiles en los años 60. No pensé que fuera apropiado. Estaban abrumados y simplemente no era un uso adecuado de los perros". [37]

La Unión Estadounidense por las Libertades Civiles de Dakota del Norte se pronunció en contra del uso de perros y gas pimienta y pidió que los funcionarios estatales "traten a todos de manera justa e igualitaria". [37] El 4 de septiembre, la activista ojibwa y ex candidata a la vicepresidencia por el Partido Verde Winona LaDuke dijo: "Los reguladores de Dakota del Norte están realmente, diría yo, en la cama con la industria petrolera y por eso han mirado para otro lado". [31]

Hasta mediados de octubre de 2016, se habían producido más de 140 arrestos. Algunos manifestantes que fueron arrestados por delitos menores y llevados a la cárcel del condado de Morton denunciaron lo que consideraron un trato duro e inusual. Sara Jumping Eagle, una médica de la reserva sioux de Standing Rock, dijo que le exigieron que se quitara toda la ropa y " se pusiera en cuclillas y tosiera " cuando fue arrestada por alteración del orden público . En otro caso similar, LaDonna Brave Bull Allard, que fundó Sacred Stone Camp, dijo que cuando su hija fue arrestada y puesta bajo custodia, la "desnudaron y registraron frente a varios oficiales varones, luego la dejaron durante horas en su celda, desnuda y congelada". Cody Hall, de la reserva Cheyenne River en Dakota del Sur, también denunció haber sido desnudado y registrado. Estuvo detenido durante cuatro días sin derecho a fianza y luego acusado de dos delitos menores. [39]

La actriz Shailene Woodley , detenida el 10 de octubre de 2016 junto con otras 27 personas, también dijo que la habían desnudado para registrarla y añadió: "Nunca se me pasó por la cabeza que mientras intentaba proteger el agua potable, intentando asegurar un futuro en el que nuestros hijos tuvieran acceso a un elemento esencial para la supervivencia humana, me desnudarían para registrarla. Me quedé en estado de shock". [40] Amnistía Internacional se pronunció en contra del uso de registros corporales y dijo que había enviado una carta al Departamento del Sheriff del Condado de Morton expresando su preocupación por el grado de fuerza utilizado contra las personas que participaban en las protestas. Enviaron una delegación de observadores de derechos humanos para supervisar la respuesta de las fuerzas del orden a las protestas. [41]

Los manifestantes dijeron que fueron atacados con cañones de sonido de alta frecuencia y describieron cómo los retuvieron en jaulas que "parecían" perreras, en el garaje del Centro Correccional del Condado de Morton, con números de identificación escritos en sus brazos por los oficiales que los arrestaron. [42] [43] Una de las arrestadas, Floris White Bull , dijo: "Estábamos enjaulados en perreras y nos sentábamos en el suelo y nos marcaban con números", dijo. "No podía asimilar el hecho de que esto estuviera sucediendo hoy. Esto no es algo que estemos leyendo en los libros de historia". [43]

En diciembre de 2016, Charlie May informó que Dakota Access LLC había contratado a la empresa TigerSwan para brindar seguridad durante la protesta. [44] En mayo de 2017, documentos internos de TigerSwan filtrados a The Intercept y otros documentos obtenidos a través de solicitudes de registros públicos revelaron una estrecha colaboración entre la empresa del oleoducto y las fuerzas del orden locales, estatales y federales mientras llevaban a cabo "medidas antiterroristas de estilo militar" para reprimir a los manifestantes. TigerSwan también recopiló información utilizada para ayudar a los fiscales a construir casos contra los manifestantes y utilizó las redes sociales en un intento de influir en el apoyo público al oleoducto. Uno de los documentos publicados calificó al movimiento de oposición al oleoducto como "una insurgencia impulsada ideológicamente con un fuerte componente religioso" que operaba según un "modelo de insurgencia yihadista". [45] The Intercept informó que "Energy Transfer Partners ha seguido contratando a TigerSwan mucho después de que la mayoría de los campistas anti-oleoducto abandonaran Dakota del Norte, y los informes más recientes de TigerSwan enfatizan la amenaza del creciente activismo en torno a otros proyectos de oleoductos en todo el país". [45]

La policía se moviliza para desalojar el campamento

El 27 de octubre de 2016, la policía de varias agencias, incluidos los policías estatales de Dakota del Norte, la Guardia Nacional y otras agencias de aplicación de la ley de los estados circundantes, comenzaron una operación intensiva para despejar un campamento de protesta y los bloqueos a lo largo de la carretera 1806. [46] [ cita requerida ] El Departamento del Sheriff del Condado de Morton dijo en una declaración: "El comportamiento ilegal intensificado de los manifestantes este fin de semana al establecer bloqueos ilegales, invadir propiedad privada y establecer un campamento, ha obligado a las fuerzas del orden a responder en este momento. No puedo enfatizarlo lo suficiente, este es un problema de seguridad pública. No podemos tener manifestantes bloqueando las carreteras del condado, bloqueando las carreteras estatales o invadiendo propiedad privada ". [47]

Una periodista del Seattle Times que estuvo presente en el enfrentamiento lo describió como "aterrador". En el programa PBS Newshour , dijo que había pasado la noche anterior en el campamento "con miembros de la tribu que cantaban sus canciones de muerte. Quiero decir, estaban muy preocupados por la posibilidad de violencia. ¿Y quién no lo estaría? Se ha visto a agentes de la ley movilizados desde seis estados, vehículos blindados de transporte de personal, cientos y cientos de agentes de la ley con granadas de conmoción, gas pimienta, pistolas Taser, porras. Y utilizaron todo eso. Quiero decir que fue aterrador de ver". Ella dijo que el enfrentamiento terminó al día siguiente y dijo, "los agentes de la ley habían avanzado más de 100 yardas con cinco vehículos blindados de transporte de personal uno al lado del otro, cientos de agentes de la ley avanzando hacia ellos. Y finalmente hizo falta un anciano para caminar solo entre las dos líneas, pararse allí, enfrentarse a su gente y decir: 'Váyanse a casa. Estamos aquí para luchar contra el oleoducto, no contra esta gente, y solo podemos ganar esto con la oración'". [48] [49] [50] [51]

La cofundadora de Black Lives Matter, Alicia Garza, contrastó la agresiva acción policial con el trato que recibieron los organizadores de un enfrentamiento en un refugio de vida silvestre de Oregón (absueltos de los cargos federales el mismo día de la redada policial en el campamento), [52] diciendo: "Si eres blanco, puedes ocupar una propiedad federal... y ser declarado inocente. Sin gases lacrimógenos, sin tanques, sin balas de goma... Si eres indígena y luchas para proteger nuestra tierra y el agua de la que dependemos para sobrevivir, te lanzan gases lacrimógenos, apagones en los medios, tanques y todo eso". [53]

Puente Backwater y retirada de los manifestantes restantes

El 20 de noviembre por la tarde, los manifestantes intentaron abrir el puente Backwater en la carretera 1806, que había estado bloqueado desde el 27 de octubre. El puente está a unos 1600 m al sur de donde el desarrollador del oleoducto planea perforar. Según el departamento del sheriff, el puente fue cerrado por razones de seguridad "debido a los daños causados ​​después de que los manifestantes prendieran numerosos incendios" en él el 27 de octubre. Pero los manifestantes creen que la policía utilizó el cierre para "encerrarlos" y que el cierre bloqueó el acceso a los vehículos de emergencia que venían del norte. [54]

Según informes de prensa, la policía lanzó un ataque contra los manifestantes con cañones de agua en un clima de 28 °F (−2 °C), junto con gases lacrimógenos, balas de goma y granadas de conmoción cerebral, hiriendo a cientos de personas. [55] La policía dijo que los manifestantes habían sido "muy agresivos" y que el agua se utilizó para apagar múltiples incendios que habían provocado, mientras que los manifestantes dijeron que los incendios eran hogueras pacíficas utilizadas para mantenerse calientes. [54] Varios videos publicados en las redes sociales muestran a los manifestantes siendo rociados con chorros continuos de agua. Inicialmente, la Oficina del Sheriff del Condado de Morton dijo que el agua se usó solo para apagar incendios, pero al día siguiente el Sheriff Kirchmeier corrigió esa declaración, diciendo: "Parte del agua se usó para repeler algunas de las actividades de protesta" y agregó que fue "rociada más como una niebla y no queríamos que les cayera directamente, pero queríamos asegurarnos de usarla como una medida para mantener a todos a salvo". [56]

Una mujer resultó gravemente herida en el brazo por lo que ella y sus partidarios afirman que fue una granada aturdidora lanzada por las fuerzas del orden, pero que las fuerzas del orden sugieren que puede haber sido un bote de propano que explotó. El padre de la víctima declaró en una conferencia de prensa que su hija había visto a un agente de policía arrojarle el dispositivo explosivo directamente mientras ella retrocedía. [57] El Departamento del Sheriff del Condado de Morton negó haber utilizado granadas de conmoción cerebral e informó que los manifestantes estaban lanzando botes de propano gastados a la policía durante este período. [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [ 63] [64] [ citaciones excesivas ] Las fuerzas del orden, incluida la ATF y la Oficina de Investigación Criminal de Dakota del Norte, están investigando el incidente. [65] [ ¿ Necesita actualización? ]

A mediados de enero de 2017, el campamento de protesta se había reducido a unos pocos cientos de personas debido al paro de las obras de construcción y al duro clima invernal. El presidente de Standing Rock, Dave Archambault, pidió que el campamento se disolviera debido al clima y la posibilidad de contaminación del río con basura y escombros durante la inundación de primavera. Pidió a la gente que limpiara el área y se marchara. [66] En enero de 2017, se informó de que el coste de vigilar las protestas contra el oleoducto en Dakota del Norte había superado los 22 millones de dólares. [67] En febrero de 2017, en medio de las preocupaciones de que el clima más cálido aceleraría las inundaciones de la zona, se empezó a retirar la basura y los escombros del campamento para evitar la contaminación del río. Archambault indicó que los fondos de los 6 millones de dólares en donaciones que recibió la tribu para apoyar su lucha se utilizarían para limpiar la basura, el material de construcción y los desechos humanos del campamento. La tribu empezó a coordinar la limpieza del lugar en enero de 2017. [68]

El 22 de febrero de 2017, el lugar de la protesta fue despejado. Aunque muchos se fueron voluntariamente, diez personas fueron arrestadas. [69] El 23 de febrero, la Guardia Nacional y los agentes del orden desalojaron a los manifestantes restantes. Treinta y tres personas fueron arrestadas. [70] Después de que el lugar de la protesta fuera abandonado, los equipos de saneamiento limpiaron la basura de la protesta; [71] esto incluía autos abandonados y desechos humanos. [72] También fueron abandonados 12 perros . [73] [74] El Departamento de Servicios de Emergencia de Dakota del Norte estimó que se retiraron alrededor de 21 millones de libras de basura; [75] el costo de limpiar el lugar de la protesta fue de aproximadamente $ 1 millón. [73] [76]

Reacciones

Los conflictos continuos y la atención resultante en las redes sociales llevaron a un creciente apoyo nacional y mundial a las protestas. Activistas de alto perfil, celebridades y políticos se manifestaron en apoyo de la tribu, incluido el senador Bernie Sanders , [77] [78] y la candidata presidencial Jill Stein . El presidente de Standing Rock , David Archambault II, abordó las posiciones de la tribu en el Consejo de Derechos Humanos de la ONU en Ginebra, Suiza. En diciembre de 2016, bajo la administración del presidente Barack Obama, el Cuerpo de Ingenieros negó una servidumbre para la construcción del oleoducto bajo el río Misuri, [79] [80] [81] aunque esta decisión fue revertida el mes siguiente por la administración entrante del presidente Donald Trump . El oleoducto se completó en abril de 2017 y su primer petróleo se entregó el 14 de mayo. [82]

Secuelas

En marzo de 2020, un juez de distrito de los Estados Unidos dictaminó que el gobierno no había estudiado adecuadamente los "efectos del oleoducto en la calidad del medio ambiente humano", y ordenó al Cuerpo de Ingenieros del Ejército de los Estados Unidos que realizara una nueva revisión de impacto ambiental. [83] En julio de 2020, un juez de distrito emitió un fallo para que el oleoducto se cerrara y se vaciara de petróleo en espera de una nueva revisión ambiental. [84] [85] La orden de cierre temporal fue revocada por un tribunal de apelaciones de los EE. UU. el 5 de agosto, aunque se ordenó que continuara la revisión ambiental. [86] El oleoducto continúa funcionando.

Durante septiembre de 2014, el consejo tribal sioux de Standing Rock (SRST) se reunió con representantes de Energy Transfer para una consulta inicial, que tuvo lugar más de un mes antes de la primera presentación formal del oleoducto al Cuerpo de Ingenieros del Ejército. [87] Al comienzo de la reunión, el concejal David Archambault II indicó la oposición de la tribu al proyecto dentro de los límites del tratado. Otros representantes de SRST expresaron su oposición y sus preocupaciones sobre el oleoducto. [88] [89]

Tubería

Área del río Cannonball , Dakota del Norte
El oleoducto Dakota Access se construye en el centro de Iowa

El oleoducto Dakota Access, parte del proyecto del oleoducto Bakken, es un oleoducto subterráneo de 1.172 millas de largo (1.886 km) en los Estados Unidos. El oleoducto fue planeado por Dakota Access, LLC, una subsidiaria de una corporación de Dallas, Texas llamada Energy Transfer Partners , LP. Comienza en los campos petrolíferos de Bakken en el noroeste de Dakota del Norte y viaja en una línea relativamente recta hacia el sureste, a través de Dakota del Sur y Iowa , terminando en la terminal petrolera cerca de Patoka, Illinois . [90] [91] Según los registros judiciales, el oleoducto debía entregarse el 1 de enero de 2017. [92]

El trazado del oleoducto a través del río Misuri cerca de Bismarck fue rechazado debido a la proximidad de la ruta a fuentes de agua municipales; áreas residenciales; caminos, humedales y cruces de vías fluviales. La ruta de Bismarck también habría sido 11 millas (18 km) más larga. [93] La alternativa seleccionada por el Cuerpo de Ingenieros cruza por debajo del río Misuri, a media milla (800 m) de la reserva india de Standing Rock , y es paralela al oleoducto de la frontera norte existente. Un derrame podría tener importantes efectos adversos en las aguas de las que depende la reserva de Standing Rock. [94] Mediante un proceso de permisos que trataba al oleoducto como una serie de pequeños sitios de construcción, se le otorgó al oleoducto una exención de la revisión ambiental requerida por la Ley de Agua Limpia y la Ley de Política Ambiental Nacional . [95]

Sin embargo, citando posibles efectos adversos sobre las tribus nativas americanas , más notablemente los sioux de Standing Rock , en marzo y abril de 2016 la Agencia de Protección Ambiental (EPA), el Departamento del Interior (DOI) y el Consejo Asesor sobre Preservación Histórica pidieron al Cuerpo de Ingenieros del Ejército de los EE. UU. que realizara una Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental formal y emitiera una Declaración de Impacto Ambiental (DIA).

Al observar que el sistema de agua que abastece a Fort Yates en la reserva de Standing Rock estaba a solo 10 millas (16 km) río abajo de donde el oleoducto cruzaría el lago Oahe y el río Misuri , la EPA recomendó que el Cuerpo de Ingenieros del Ejército revisara su Evaluación Ambiental y abriera un segundo período de comentarios públicos. [96] El DOI también expresó su preocupación por la proximidad del oleoducto a la fuente de agua de la tribu. Las aguas de una cantidad y calidad suficientes están legalmente obligadas a mantenerse en reserva para la comunidad de Standing Rock. [96] Sin embargo, más de 800.000 acres de la tierra confiada a Standing Rock corrían el riesgo de verse afectadas por una fuga o derrame, lo que podría afectar gravemente las aguas de las que depende la comunidad tanto para beber como para fines espirituales.

A finales de 2016, el Departamento de Justicia de los Estados Unidos había recibido más de 33.000 peticiones para revisar todos los permisos y ordenar una revisión completa de los efectos ambientales del proyecto. [97]

A pesar de la oposición masiva al oleoducto, a partir de agosto de 2021, la construcción de la ampliación continúa; la línea ahora puede transportar 750.000 barriles de petróleo al día, lo que supone 180.000 más que los límites anteriores. [98] La empresa Energy Transfer planea añadir estaciones de bombeo para aumentar la eficiencia y la velocidad del oleoducto. Una vez que la ampliación completa esté en funcionamiento, fluirán por el oleoducto hasta 1,1 millones de barriles de petróleo cada día. [98] El abogado de la tribu sioux de Standing Rock señaló que la revisión del impacto del oleoducto ordenada por el tribunal por el Cuerpo de Ingenieros tenía como objetivo "estudiar el impacto de las cosas antes de que ocurran, no después". [98]

Campamento Piedra Sagrada

Campamento Piedra Sagrada
Ubicación del camping
Brenda White Bull, descendiente de Toro Sentado , habla en el Foro Permanente para las Cuestiones Indígenas de la ONU sobre la lucha contra el acceso de los Dakota y la violencia estatal, 25 de abril de 2017

Sacred Stone Camp fue fundado por la Oficial de Preservación Histórica de Standing Rock, LaDonna Brave Bull Allard , el 1 de abril de 2016, como un centro para la preservación cultural y la resistencia espiritual al oleoducto Dakota Access. [99] [100] En la primavera y principios del verano de 2016, Allard y otros líderes indígenas se centraron en la difusión en los medios, lo que resultó en que delegaciones tribales e individuos vinieran a apoyarlos desde todo el país y, eventualmente, el mundo. [101] A medida que los números crecieron más allá de lo que la tierra podía soportar, también se estableció un campamento de desbordamiento cerca, que llegó a ser conocido como el campamento Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (el nombre Lakȟótiyapi para la Gran Nación Sioux o Consejo de los Siete Fuegos). [102] En septiembre, Allard dijo que 26 de los 380 sitios arqueológicos que enfrentan la profanación a lo largo de la ruta del oleoducto se consideran sagrados para las naciones sioux, los arikara , los mandan y los cheyennes del norte , comparando la construcción del oleoducto a través de dichos sitios con un genocidio. [99]

A finales de septiembre, NBC News informó que miembros de más de 300 tribus nativas americanas reconocidas por el gobierno federal residían en los tres campamentos principales, junto con un estimado de 3.000 a 4.000 manifestantes adicionales de la resistencia al oleoducto. Varios miles más se reunieron en los campamentos los fines de semana. [8] [26] [103] A medida que se acercaba el invierno, los números disminuyeron, pero los manifestantes se acondicionaron para el invierno y se prepararon para una estadía indefinida. En octubre, se estableció otro campamento llamado "Winter Camp" en la propiedad privada de Energy Transfer Partners [104] , directamente en la ruta propuesta del oleoducto. Citando el dominio eminente , [105] los manifestantes nativos americanos declararon que la tierra les pertenece por derecho según el Tratado de Fort Laramie de 1851. Aunque el territorio inicial acordado en el tratado se dividió más tarde en reservas más pequeñas, el tratado nunca fue anulado y, por lo tanto, se invocó como ley. [106] El sheriff del condado de Morton, Kyle Kirchmeier, afirmó que el campamento de invierno era una amenaza para la seguridad pública, afirmando que "no podemos permitir que los manifestantes bloqueen las carreteras del condado, bloqueen las carreteras estatales o invadan propiedades privadas". [107] A continuación, el 27 de octubre, la policía con equipo antidisturbios y equipo de control de multitudes y con el apoyo de miembros de la Guardia Nacional expulsó a los manifestantes del nuevo campamento. [47] [108] Utilizaron métodos como gas pimienta, escopetas de perdigones, granadas de conmoción y gas pimienta. Las fuerzas del orden utilizaron además dispositivos acústicos de largo alcance (LRAD), que se utilizan para hacer ruidos con una frecuencia y un volumen penetrantes. [107] No obstante, los manifestantes permanecieron en el lugar, prendiendo fuego a los bloqueos, puentes y neumáticos de la carretera. [107]

Protectores del agua de Standing Rock
Lago Oahe en invierno

El 27 de julio de 2016, dos días después de que el Cuerpo de Ingenieros del Ejército de los EE. UU. emitiera la Evaluación Ambiental con una conclusión de “ningún impacto significativo”, la Tribu Sioux de Standing Rock, apoyada por EarthJustice, presentó una demanda en el Tribunal de Distrito de los Estados Unidos para el Distrito de Columbia , solicitando una medida cautelar y declaratoria para detener el oleoducto. La tribu también solicitó una medida cautelar . [109] [110] [111]

El 9 de septiembre, el juez de distrito estadounidense James Boasberg rechazó la moción y señaló que "el Cuerpo ha documentado docenas de intentos de involucrar a Standing Rock en consultas para identificar recursos históricos en el lago Oahe y otros cruces del PCN... Basta decir que la Tribu se negó en gran medida a participar en consultas". [112]

Más tarde ese mismo día, los Departamentos de Justicia, Ejército e Interior de los Estados Unidos emitieron una declaración conjunta en la que suspendían temporalmente el proyecto en tierras federales que bordean o se encuentran debajo del embalse del lago Oahe. El gobierno federal de los Estados Unidos solicitó a la empresa una "pausa voluntaria" en la construcción cerca de esa zona hasta que se realizaran más estudios sobre la región que se extiende 20 millas (32 km) alrededor del lago Oahe . Para cerrar, los representantes de la agencia dijeron:

Por último, apoyamos plenamente el derecho de todos los estadounidenses a reunirse y expresarse libremente. En los últimos días, hemos visto a miles de manifestantes reunirse pacíficamente, con el apoyo de numerosos gobiernos tribales soberanos, para ejercer sus derechos de la Primera Enmienda y expresar sus sinceras preocupaciones sobre el medio ambiente y los lugares históricos y sagrados. Ahora nos corresponde a todos nosotros desarrollar un camino a seguir que sirva al interés público más amplio. [111] [113]

Energy Transfer Partners rechazó la solicitud de detener voluntariamente la construcción en todos los terrenos privados circundantes y reanudó la construcción en 48 horas. [114]

El 13 de septiembre, Kelcy Warren, presidente y director ejecutivo de Energy Transfer Partners, respondió a la solicitud del gobierno federal y dijo que las preocupaciones sobre el impacto del oleoducto en el suministro de agua eran "infundadas". Warren dijo que "múltiples estudios arqueológicos realizados con las oficinas de preservación histórica del estado no encontraron elementos sagrados a lo largo de la ruta". No indicaron que cesarían voluntariamente las obras del oleoducto. Warren escribió que la empresa se reunirá con funcionarios en Washington "para entender su posición y reiterar nuestro compromiso de poner en funcionamiento el oleoducto Dakota Access". [115]

El 5 de octubre, los jueces federales de apelación escucharon los argumentos sobre si se debía detener la obra en el oleoducto; no se esperaba una decisión hasta varias semanas después. En ese momento, el Cuerpo de Ingenieros del Ejército aún no había tomado una decisión final sobre si conceder una servidumbre para construir bajo el río Misuri. Al ser interrogado, un abogado especializado en oleoductos dijo que "si el tribunal lo permitiera, la empresa seguiría construyendo hasta el borde del lago incluso antes de la decisión sobre la servidumbre, porque cada mes adicional de retraso le costará a la empresa más de 80 millones de dólares". [92]

Cuerpo de Ingenieros del Ejército

El 14 de noviembre, el Cuerpo de Ingenieros del Ejército dijo que necesitaba más tiempo para estudiar el impacto del plan. En un comunicado de prensa, dijeron: "El Ejército ha determinado que se justifica un debate y un análisis adicionales a la luz de la historia de las desposesiones de tierras de la Gran Nación Sioux, la importancia del lago Oahe para la tribu, nuestra relación de gobierno a gobierno y el estatuto que rige las servidumbres a través de la propiedad del gobierno". [116]

Energy Transfer Partners respondió criticando a la administración Obama por "interferencia política" y dijo que "más demoras en la consideración de este caso sumarían millones de dólares más cada mes en costos que no se pueden recuperar". El gobernador de Dakota del Norte, Jack Dalrymple, criticó la decisión diciendo que el oleoducto sería seguro y que la decisión "se debía haber tomado hace mucho tiempo". [117] Craig Stevens, portavoz de la Coalición MAIN, un grupo laboral, calificó el anuncio del Cuerpo de Ingenieros como "otro intento de muerte por demora" y dijo que la administración Obama "ha optado por avivar aún más las llamas de la protesta con más inacción". El senador de Dakota del Norte, John Hoeven, dijo en una declaración que la demora "solo prolongará la perturbación en la región causada por las protestas y dificultará la vida de todos los que viven y trabajan en el área". [118]

El 16 de noviembre, en una entrevista con PBS Newshour , la directora ejecutiva de Energy Transfer Partners, Kelcy Warren, respondió preguntas sobre las dos principales preocupaciones de la tribu: el daño a los sitios ancestrales y la posibilidad de contaminación del agua si se produjera una fuga:

Bueno, en primer lugar, creo que esto ya es bien sabido. No estamos en ninguna propiedad indígena, ninguna propiedad de los nativos americanos. Estamos en tierras privadas. Eso es lo primero. En segundo lugar, este oleoducto es una tubería de acero nueva. Estamos perforando debajo del lago Oahe. Irá de 90 a 150 pies (27,5 a 45,7 m) por debajo de la superficie del lago. Es una tubería de pared gruesa, extra gruesa, por cierto, más gruesa que la tubería normal que colocamos. Además, a cada lado del lago, hay válvulas automáticas que, si en la muy, muy improbable situación de que hubiera una fuga, nuestra sala de control cierra la tubería, encapsula esa pequeña sección que podría estar en peligro. Así que eso simplemente no va a suceder. En primer lugar, no vamos a tener una fuga. No puedo prometer eso, por supuesto, pero eso... nadie se subiría a un avión si pensara que se va a estrellar. Y, en segundo lugar, no hay forma de que el crudo contamine su suministro de agua. Están a 110 kilómetros río abajo. [119]

El 4 de diciembre, el Ejército anunció que no concedería una servidumbre para que se perforara el oleoducto bajo el lago Oahe. [120] El anuncio fue realizado por la Secretaria Adjunta del Ejército (Obras Civiles) , Jo-Ellen Darcy :

Aunque hemos mantenido conversaciones e intercambios de nueva información con los sioux de Standing Rock y Dakota Access, está claro que hay más trabajo por hacer. La mejor manera de completar ese trabajo de manera responsable y expedita es explorar rutas alternativas para el cruce del oleoducto. [121]

Energy Transfer Partners y Sunoco Logistics Partners emitieron una respuesta el mismo día:

La orden que dio hoy la Casa Blanca al Cuerpo de Ingenieros para que se prorrogue aún más el plazo es sólo la última de una serie de acciones políticas abiertas y transparentes por parte de una administración que ha abandonado el Estado de derecho en aras de ganarse el favor de un electorado político estrecho y extremista. Como se ha dicho desde el principio, ETP y SXL esperan completar la construcción del oleoducto sin necesidad de desviaciones adicionales en el lago Oahe y sus alrededores. Nada de lo que ha hecho hoy esta administración cambia eso de ninguna manera. [122]

Continuación de la construcción

El 24 de enero de 2017, el recién elegido presidente Donald Trump firmó una orden ejecutiva que permitía que se continuara con la construcción del oleoducto. [123] El 8 de febrero de 2017, el Cuerpo de Ingenieros del Ejército de los EE. UU. (USACE) otorgó a Dakota Access, LLC una servidumbre basada en la Ley de Arrendamiento Mineral para cruzar el lago Oahe y terminar la construcción del oleoducto. El 9 de febrero de 2017, la tribu sioux del río Cheyenne presentó una moción para una orden de restricción citando violaciones de la Ley de Restauración de la Libertad Religiosa , alegando que un derrame de petróleo interrumpiría su capacidad de practicar libremente su culto. [124] Esta orden preliminar fue rechazada el 7 de marzo de 2017. El 14 de febrero de 2017, la tribu sioux de Standing Rock y la tribu sioux del río Cheyenne presentaron una moción de juicio sumario. La moción solicitaba al Tribunal que se pronunciara sobre cuestiones legales no resueltas relacionadas con el USACE, incluido el cumplimiento de los requisitos de la Ley Nacional de Política Ambiental (NEPA) y la violación de los derechos de los tratados tribales . La moción abordó tres reclamos: 1) el requisito legal de una revisión ambiental completa, transparente y pública para cualquier acción federal que tenga efectos ambientales "significativos", 2) los derechos de los tratados tribales que garantizan la integridad de su reserva, y 3) la revocación de decisiones de la administración anterior. [124] [125]

Tribunal Federal considera inadecuado el estudio ambiental

On June 14, 2017, Federal Judge James Boasberg issued his third opinion in the matter, ruling that the Corps permits authorizing the pipeline to cross the Missouri River "substantially complied with NEPA in many areas" but did not adequately consider certain aspects of the law. In a ninety-one page decision to remand the matter to the Corps for supplementation of the record, Judge Boasberg wrote, "the Court agrees that [the Corps] did not adequately consider the impacts of an oil spill on fishing rights, hunting rights, or environmental justice, or the degree to which the pipeline's effects are likely to be highly controversial".[126][124] Boasberg's decision came just weeks after crude oil had started pumping through the pipeline. Judge Boasberg asked the parties to submit legal briefs on the question of whether the Court should shut down the pipeline pending the completion of a lawful environmental review.[124][125]

On August 7, 2017, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe filed a legal brief arguing in favor of pipeline shutdown during the environmental review process.[124][125] The Tribes received support from law professors and practitioners, tribes and tribal organizations, and other amicus parties. The Court granted the Tribes' motion for summary judgment for three reasons. First, the Court held that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers failed to address expert critiques of Dakota Access, LLC's oil spill risk analysis. Second, the Court found fault in USACE's disregard of impacts an oil spill would have on the Tribes' treaty rights to fish and hunt.[127] Finally, the Court found that USACE conducted a skewed assessment that reached the conclusion that the selected site raised no environmental justice concerns. Under the Court's order, USACE will reassess these questions and come to a new decision on if a full environmental impact statement is required.[127]

On October 11, 2017, the Court ruled that DAPL could continue to operate while USACE reassessed the environmental impact of the pipeline. While the Court did not find that shutting down the pipeline would cause a major economic disruption as claimed by DAPL, they refused to shut the pipeline down during the impact study due to the possibility that USACE would be able to justify its decision to not do a full environmental review. USACE predicts that the review will be finished by April 2018. Following the Court's finding a statement was issued by Earthjustice Attorney Jan Hasselman, who is representing the Tribe.

Today's decision is a disappointing continuation of a historic pattern: other people get all the profits, and the Tribes get all the risk and harm. The court already found that the Corps violated the law when it issued the permits without thoroughly considering the impact on the people of Standing Rock. The company should not be allowed to continue operating while the Corps studies that threat.,[125]

Safety measures imposed

On December 4, 2017, following a 200,000 gallon Keystone pipeline oil spill in November 2017, Judge Boasberg imposed several interim measures over the ongoing operation of the Dakota Access pipeline. The Court ordered three measures, which had been requested by the Tribe. According to a report published by Earthjustice, a non-profit public interest law organization dedicated to environmental issues:

The Court ordered the Corps and DAPL to work with the Tribes to complete oil spill response plans at Lake Oahe. Up to now, the Tribe has been kept in the dark about spill response planning and was not involved in the process of developing plans to address spills at Lake Oahe. Second, the Court ordered an independent audit of DAPL's compliance with the permit conditions and standards. The Tribe has to be involved in the selection of an auditor. Finally, DAPL must file regular reports on any incidents or repairs on the pipeline. Such reporting is not currently required by law, which means the public does not learn about the nearly constant spills and leaks of oil that occur on major pipelines.[125]

The conditions were all opposed by the Corps and by DAPL.

The tribe sued and in March 2020 a federal judge sided with the tribe and ordered USACE to do a full environmental impact statement. In a 42-page decision Judge James Boasberg said the environmental analysis by both the companies behind the pipeline and the Corps was severely lacking. “In projects of this scope, it is not difficult for an opponent to find fault with many conclusions made by an operator and relied on by the agency, but here, there is considerably more than a few isolated comments raising insubstantial concerns. The many commenters in this case pointed to serious gaps in crucial parts of the Corps’ analysis — to name a few, that the pipeline's leak-detection system was unlikely to work, that it was not designed to catch slow spills, that the operator's serious history of incidents had not been taken into account, and that the worst-case scenario used by the Corps was potentially only a fraction of what a realistic figure would be."[128]

In July 2020, saying federal officials failed to carry out a complete analysis of its environmental impacts, U.S. District Judge James Boasberg ruled that the pipeline must be shut down by August 5 and remain shutdown while the Army Corps of Engineers conducts a more extensive environmental review than the one done that allowed the pipeline to begin transporting oil three years previously. Pipeline owner Energy Transfer said they would appeal. On August 5, the Court of Appeals sided with Energy Transfer to allow the pipeline to stay open, saying the lower-court judge "did not make the findings necessary for injunctive relief." However the appellate court did not grant Energy Transfer's motion to block the review, saying the company had "failed to make a strong showing of likely success."[129]

As of May 2021, the pipeline was granted legal permission to restart operations, on the grounds that the Standing Rock legal team had fail to demonstrate to the court "likelihood of irreparable injury" from continued operation of the pipeline. Later, in July 2021, Boasberg ruled against the lawsuit filed by Standing Rock team against the operation of the pipeline. Despite ruling against the federal judge laid out how the Standing Rock Tribe might continue to challenge the ongoing environmental review. Boasberg also left the possibility of reopening the lawsuit if any of his previous rulings from the past five years were violated by the Corps or Energy Transfer.[130]

Arrests and prosecutions

Federal prosecutors brought indictments against at least five Indigenous activists from the protests.[131] Dion Ortiz, James "Angry Bird" White, Michael "Little Feather" Giron, and Michael "Rattler" Markus were all convicted of one count of civil disorder. Red Fawn Fallis was convicted of civil disorder and illegal possession of a gun by a convicted felon. The gun which she was convicted for possessing went off as she was being "tackled by police officers, who were attempting to put her in handcuffs [when] three gunshots allegedly went off alongside her. No one was injured in the shooting incident."[132] She was given the largest sentencing of any protester at the time, having to be held in federal prison for four years and nine months. The judge who heard Red Fawn's case did not allow her defence team to cite her treaty rights or "other issues related to her arrest at anti-pipeline protests near the Standing Rock Sioux's Tribe's reservation border."[132] In effect, Red Fawn accepted a plea deal as she believed that in withholding such important evidence, she would not have received a fair trial.[132]

James "Angry Bird" White was sentenced to serve twenty-four months of probation. The other five protesters were incarcerated in federal prison, Ortiz for 16 months, Giron and Markus for 36 months, and Fallis for 57 months.[133][134] Many other activists argued that their incarceration was used to suppress Indigenous opposition to the pipeline, stating that "[they are] political prisoners …We were protecting our land. It’s something we have to do, and we’re going to be met with this violence from these agencies, from the federal government, from the state.” [135]

On August 11–12, 18 more people were arrested, including Standing Rock Tribal Chairman David Archambault II who was charged with disorderly conduct. Along with the tribal council, Archambault had sued the Army Corps of Engineers days before his arrest.[136] He was himself sued on August 16 by Dakota Access, LLC, which sought "restraining orders and unspecified monetary damages."[137]

In 2019, Jessica Reznicek and Ruby Montoya were indicted on nine federal criminal charges, including setting 11 fires during the protests. The two set fire to machinery and tools and then used a torch to pierce the metal piping and valves.[138][139] On June 30, 2021 Reznicek was sentenced to eight years in federal prison for a single count of damaging an energy facility. The remaining charges were dismissed.[140]

On September 7 an arrest warrant was also issued in Morton County for Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein and her running mate Ajamu Baraka on misdemeanor counts of criminal trespass and criminal mischief. Stein had spray-painted "I approve this message" and Baraka wrote the word "decolonize" on a bulldozer.[141]

A warrant for journalist Amy Goodman's arrest was issued by Morton County on September 8. She was charged with criminal trespass related to the filming done on September 3.[35][36] The prosecutor, Ladd Erickson, said Goodman was like a protester because she was only giving time to the protesters' side of the story.[142] In response to praise from Erickson, Matt Taibbi wrote, "a prosecutor who arrests a reporter because he doesn't think she's 'balanced' enough is basically telling future reporters what needs to be in their stories to avoid arrest. This is totally improper and un-American."[143]

On October 1, Canadian journalist Ed Ou, on assignment with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation to cover the protests, was detained at the US border for six hours, with his cell phones and other electronic media confiscated. Ou was eventually denied entry to the US without explanation.[144] The American Civil Liberties Union requested that any data collected from Ou's electronic devices be destroyed and that he be given assurance that he would not be harassed again.[145]

Speaking on October 5, Standing Rock Tribal Chairman David Archambault II said that as of that date 135 anti-pipeline demonstrators had been arrested. Archambault also said that law enforcement officers were "heightening the danger" by using anti-riot gear.[92] Saying, "Confronting men, women, and children while outfitted in gear more suited for the battlefield is a disproportionate response", Amnesty International also expressed concern about the militant response to the protesters.[41]

On October 13, Goodman announced her intention to turn herself in to the Morton County–Mandan Corrections Center on Monday, October 17, to face misdemeanor riot charges. (Though she had originally been charged with criminal trespass, the prosecutor said that there were "legal issues with proving the notice of trespassing requirements in the statute.")[146] She stated that she would be fighting the charges against her as a First Amendment violation.[147] The Committee to Protect Journalists,[148] the North Dakota Newspaper Association,[149] the American Civil Liberties Union in North Dakota,[150] and the Freedom of the Press Foundation[150] all expressed concern over the developing challenge to freedom of the press.

On October 17, District Judge John Grinsteiner did not find probable cause for multiple riot charges, including the one brought against Goodman. Following the judge's decision, Kirchmeier reasserted that trespassing would lead to arrest, while the state prosecutor said that the investigation would remain open pending new evidence.[151]

According to the Water Protector Legal Collective over 800 state criminal cases were brought by North Dakota prosecutors.[152] Of these nearly 400 resulted in dismissals of charges, 42 ended in not-guilty verdicts at trial, nearly 200 were subjected to pre-trial diversion, and just 26 cases ended in convictions after trials. There are still 42 open cases before the state court.[152]

Dismissal of lawsuit against Greenpeace USA

In 2019 a federal court in North Dakota dismissed as unfounded a racketeering and defamation lawsuit filed by Energy Transfer Partners LP, the builder of the 1,000-mile Dakota Access Pipeline, against Greenpeace USA, EarthFirst and BankTrack for their pipeline protests.[153] The lawsuit alleged Greenpeace USA misled the public with false claims about the Standing Rock Sioux tribes' sacred sites and the likelihood the pipeline would contaminate the Missouri River in North Dakota. In contrast, a 2018 Greenpeace report said Energy Transfer pipelines and those owned by the company's subsidiaries "spilled over 500 times in the last decade."[154]

In response to the court's ruling of insufficient evidence, Tom Wetterer, general counsel to Greenpeace USA, said the ruling "sends a clear message to companies trying to muzzle civil society that corporate overreach will not be tolerated. It is also a check on corporate efforts to silence dissent.”[155]

The Intercept online newspaper earlier reported Energy Transfer Partners hired the private security firm of TigerSwan to gather information for the lawsuit via fake social media accounts and infiltration of protest camps.[156]

National opposition to the pipeline

Seattle Stands with Standing Rock! - peaceful march and rally held in Seattle in September 2016. Indigenous drummers, activists from numerous Native nations, and diverse supporters march in solidarity.
Dakota Access Pipeline protestors at March for a Clean Energy Revolution, Philadelphia, July 2016
Solidarity rally in Saint Paul, Minnesota, September 2016.
Standing Rock solidarity march in San Francisco, November 2016.
Native Nations Rise march in Washington D.C., March 2017.

Many Sioux Tribes passed resolutions in support of Standing Rock, including the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, Crow Creek Tribe, the Oglala Sioux Tribe, and the Rosebud Sioux Tribe.[100] Oklahoma tribes also expressed support for the pipeline protest movement. In August, Principal Chief Bill John Baker of the Cherokee Nation said, "As Indian people, we have a right to protect our lands and protect our water rights. That's our responsibility to the next seven generations."[157]

Field reporter Jordan Chariton (of The Young Turks' on-the-road program TYT Politics) was one of the most active journalists participating in the protests. He commented on the scant presence of journalists from mainstream networks such as CNN and MSNBC.[158]

Indigenous youth groups

ReZpect Our Water - logo of the water runners, youth who ran from Standing Rock to Washington DC to protest the Dakota Access Pipeline in the summer of 2016

ReZpect Our Water is an Indigenous youth group that formed to oppose the pipeline.[159] They have been very active in raising public awareness through social media, petitions, teach-ins, rallies, and videos. In May 2016, 13-year-old Anna Lee Rain Yellowhammer and thirty young people launched a petition that opposed the pipeline.[160] It quickly gathered over 80,000 signatures, including celebrity endorsements such as Leonardo DiCaprio and Cameron Russell.[161][162]

In April 2016, ReZpect Our Water organized a 2,000 mile cross-country "spiritual run" from North Dakota to Washington, D.C., to protest the construction of the pipeline. Upon the groups arrival they delivered a petition with 160,000 signatures to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.[16][163]

In December, 2016, Activist Naomi Klein interviewed ReZpect Our Water/Standing Rock Youth organizer Tokata Iron Eyes; she posted a Facebook video of the interview which gained more than a million views in 24 hours.[164]

The International Indigenous Youth Council has also been active in protests against the pipeline and advocacy for Native American needs. The group was founded by Jasilyn Charger (Cheyenne River Sioux of Eagle Butte, South Dakota). Tara Houska (Ojibwe, Couchiching First Nation of International Falls, Minnesota), national campaigns director of Honor the Earth, has actively helped to explain the protest aims. Eryn Wise (Jicarilla Apache and Laguna tribes), Council communications director, hopes to relate history from the Indigenous people's point of view: "We don't ever hear the narrative of indigenous people. We hear people writing our narratives for us."[165]

Acts of solidarity in U.S. cities

On September 8, about 500 Native Americans and other protesters marched in Denver to show solidarity with the Standing Rock Americans. State Representative Joe Salazar spoke about the safety of pipelines and described a recent Colorado Oil and Gas Association statement on oil pipeline safety as "full of lies."[166]

On September 16, a rally and march was held in Seattle to show solidarity with the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. The mayor of Seattle and city council members joined leaders from Northwest tribes from Quinualt, Makah, Lummi, Suquamish, Tulalip, Swinomish, Puyallup and others to show opposition to the pipeline. Fawn Sharp, president of the Quinault Indian Nation and the Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indians, said that while the tribes are "determined to win this fight", a "deeper fix" is needed. "The U.S. must recognize that we have political equality. This is much larger than a specific infrastructure project. It goes to the fundamental relationship."[167]

According to the Grand Forks Herald, on October 13 the governments of 19 cities, including St. Louis and Minneapolis, had passed ordinances to support the Standing Rock tribe in opposition of the pipeline.[168]

In October, the Morton County Sheriff requested police from surrounding areas to assist in regulating the protests near the pipeline. The Dane County Sheriff's office of Wisconsin sent 10 deputies to aid the local police,[169] but they were recalled a few days later because of opposition from the Dane County residents and county officials.[170]

On November 15, hundreds of cities held protests against the pipeline in a coordinated protest which organizers called a "National Day of Action."[171] Hundreds of protesters gathered peacefully in Chicago, Los Angeles, Manhattan, Denver, and other cities; dozens of protesters were arrested, including demonstrators in Mandan, North Dakota, where protesters were arrested after blocking a railroad.[172]

Tara Houska, Director for Honor the Earth, spoke at a rally in New York City saying, "Because of the power of social media and the millions of those at Standing Rock, the Army Corps are going to invite the tribe in to discuss their concerns."[172] Senator Bernie Sanders spoke at a protest in front of the White House. Robert Kennedy Jr. visited the protest camp and spoke to the protesters. He commented on the PBS Newshour: "I think they have a lot of courage. I think they're standing up for America, that they're standing up in the face of a bully."[119]

Thanksgiving Day has been described as a reminder of the strained relationship between the U.S. government and native people. On the November 24 holiday, several thousand continued to protest the pipeline; some estimated that the number of protesters, which fluctuates, doubled that day.[173] Hundreds of people joined the protest that day,[174] including groups from California,[175] Oregon,[176] Wisconsin,[177] Colorado,[178] South Carolina,[179] and Washington.[180]

Protesters built a floating bridge to Turtle Island, considered sacred ground, and 400 gathered near the bridge, some crossing over to perform a prayer ceremony.[173][181]

The influx of many new people over Thanksgiving weekend caused new problems, according to some activists. Some criticized a group of young, mostly white, people at the protest for treating it like a festival such as Burning Man by bringing drugs and alcohol, requiring supplies and provisions rather than sustaining themselves, or performing unsolicited live music.[182]

Actress Jane Fonda was one of a delegation of 50 people who served a Thanksgiving dinner in nearby Mandan, capturing media attention.[183][184] Business owners traveled from as far as Massachusetts[185] and Pennsylvania[186] to serve food to protesters at Standing Rock.

A Thanksgiving Day protest in Portland, Oregon drew about 350 in heavy rain.[187]

In February 2017, Seattle, Washington's city council unanimously voted to not renew its contract with Wells Fargo in a move that cites the bank's role as a lender to the Dakota Access Pipeline project as well as its "creation of millions of bogus accounts" and said the bidding process for its next banking partner would involve "social responsibility." The City Council in Davis, California, took a similar action, voting unanimously to find a new bank to handle its accounts by the end of 2017.[188]

Native Nations March in Washington, DC. 2017

In March 2017, the Standing Rock Sioux tribe led a four-day protest in Washington D.C., culminating in the Native Nations Rise march on March 10. The protesters marched through the capital, pausing to erect a tipi at Trump International Hotel, and rallied in front of the White House.[189]

Support from military veterans

In November, a group called Veterans Stand for Standing Rock formed to participate in nonviolent intervention to defend the demonstrators from what the group has called "assault and intimidation at the hands of the militarized police force." According to The New York Times, "as many as 2,000 veterans" indicated that they would gather at the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation to serve as "human shields" for protesters. The organizers of these protests included a retired Baltimore police sergeant and Wes Clark, Jr., the son of former Supreme NATO Commander and 2004 presidential candidate Wesley Clark. Wes Clark, Jr is affiliated with The Young Turks.[190]

Democratic Representative Tulsi Gabbard supported the protests and travelled to North Dakota in 2016.[191]

Following the executive order made by new U.S. president Trump in January 2017 which overturned the decision of former President Obama to halt the construction of the pipeline and the February order in which he authorized the Army Corps of Engineers to proceed, US veterans returned to Standing Rock to a form human shield to protect Dakota Access pipeline protesters. Air force veteran Elizabeth Williams said, "We are prepared to put our bodies between Native elders and a privatized military force. We've stood in the face of fire before. We feel a responsibility to use the skills we have."[192]

#NODAPL

Along with the hashtag #NoDAPL, many other hashtags sprang up on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram to protest the pipeline. The hashtags included #ReZpectOurWater, which is a play on "reservations", #StandWithStandingRock, and #WaterisLife.[193][194] Activist Naomi Klein posted a Facebook video in which she interviewed 13-year-old water protector, Takota Iron Eyes, which gained more than a million views in 24 hours.[195]

In December 2016, Klein, writing an editorial in The Nation shortly after the Army Corps of Engineers had turned down the permit for the Dakota Access Pipeline to be built under the Missouri River, said, "The Lesson from Standing Rock: Organizing and Resistance Can Win." As a long-standing climate change activist, Klein said that past resistance has brought about change incrementally and only after a delay following mass actions. However, she wrote, Standing Rock had been "different."[196]

However, calling the Army Corps of Engineers request for further study an "incredibly cumbersome, long, horrible permitting process," on January 24, newly elected President Donald Trump signed a presidential memorandum to advance the construction of the pipeline.[197][198]

Indigenized Energy

When Dakota Access Pipeline protests began in 2016, then 34 year-old Two Bears was a tribal council member. His community of Cannon Ball hosted one of the encampments until late 2016.[199] A year later, he created an organization named "Indigenized Energy," which aims to bring renewable energy sources to Native communities. In February 2019, the organization's first solar-panel project was completed in Standing Rock.[199] This project is of importance to Two Bears and to many Indigenous communities who claim that The Dakota Access Pipeline protests are what "woke you people up, but we have known for a long time that the colonial capitalism corporate model is attacking this world [...] The energy system dominant across this country is not in line with Native values, and the solution that I came up with is that tribal nations need to create their own energy companies using renewable energy sources."[199] This grassroots solution is following the historic and ongoing citing of polluting industries near Indigenous communities.[199] Meaning, for Two Bears and many others, The Dakota Access Pipeline is not an isolated incident, but rather, it is reflective of the larger citing practices of polluting industries where Native communities have "taken the pollutive brunt of the fossil fuels industry."[199]

Presidential memorandum by Donald Trump

Banner against the pipeline in a 2017 inauguration day protest in Minnesota

In December 2016, while still directed by the Obama administration, the Army Corps of Engineers decided that further study to address tribal concerns was needed and launched a study on January 18, 2017. But on January 24, newly elected President Donald Trump signed a presidential memorandum to advance the construction of the pipeline under "terms and conditions to be negotiated". The order would expedite the environmental review that Trump described as an "incredibly cumbersome, long, horrible permitting process."[197][198]

Trump signing the Presidential memorandum to advance the construction of the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines. January 24, 2017

On February 7, 2017, Trump authorized the Army Corps of Engineers to proceed, ending its environmental impact assessment and the associated public comment period.[200] The director of the Indigenous Environmental Network released a statement saying: "The granting of an easement, without any environmental review or tribal consultation, is not the end of this fight—it is the new beginning. Expect mass resistance far beyond what Trump has seen so far. ... Our tribal nations and Indigenous grassroots peoples on the front lines have had no input on this process."[201] Standing Rock chairman David Archambault II said, "We are not opposed to energy independence. We are opposed to reckless and politically motivated development projects, like DAPL, that ignore our treaty rights and risk our water. Creating a second Flint does not make America great again."[202] Appearing as a guest on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on February 12, actress and activist Shailene Woodley said that, rather than gather at the Dakota protest site, the best way to oppose the pipeline may be to boycott banks that fund it and to take part in local protests.[203]

Reactions

In September 2016, Senator Bernie Sanders spoke to a crowd of about 3,000 members of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and other tribal nations and supporters at a protest held outside of the White House. Saying "the pipeline threatens the environment and water resources and exploits Native Americans", he asked President Obama to take action and conduct a full environmental and cultural impact analysis of the project, which he believed would kill the pipeline.[115][204] Following the use of the National Guard and police in riot gear to remove protesters from a protest camp in October, Sanders again called on the president to suspend construction of the pipeline. In a letter to the President, Sanders said in part: "It is deeply distressing to me that the federal government is putting the profits of the oil industry ahead of the treaty and sovereign rights of Native American communities. Mr. President, you took a bold and principled stand against the Keystone Pipeline – I ask you to take a similar stand against the Dakota Access Pipeline."[205]

Saying that the Dakota Access pipeline project is part of a "long history of pushing the impacts of pollution onto the most economically and politically disadvantaged people and communities across this country", Representative Raúl Grijalva, the ranking Democrat on the House Natural Resources Committee, on September 22 asked the Army Corps of Engineers to withdraw the existing permits for the pipeline.[103]

Saying "the project's current permits should be suspended and all construction stopped until a complete environmental and cultural review has been completed for the entire project", Senators Sanders, Dianne Feinstein, Ed Markey, Patrick Leahy and Benjamin Cardin on October 13 called on President Barack Obama to order a comprehensive environmental review of the pipeline project. They also requested stronger tribal consultation for the contested part of the route.[168]

Calling the proposed pipeline route "the ripest case of environmental racism I have seen in a long time", on October 26 the Reverend Jesse Jackson announced support for the movement, saying, "The tribes of this country have sacrificed a lot so this great country could be built. With promises broken, land stolen and sacred lands desecrated, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe is standing up for their right to clean water. They have lost land for settlers to farm, more land for gold in the Black Hills, and then again, even more, land for the dam that was built for hydropower. When will the taking stop?"[106]

In September, Obama spoke to tribal representatives, saying, "I know that many of you have come together across tribes and across the country to support the community at Standing Rock. And together, you're making your voices heard." He again discussed the protest movement on November 2 saying that "we're going to let it play out for several more weeks and determine whether or not this can be resolved in a way that I think is properly attentive to the traditions of First Americans."[206]

In an October 28, 2016 public statement, Chief Arvol Looking Horse, spiritual leader and Keeper of the Sacred Pipe Bundle of the Lakota/Dakota/Nakota Nations, invoked his role as the voice of traditional government of the Great Sioux Nation and called upon President Barack Obama to communicate "nation to nation, as indicated by our treaties."[207]

Several members of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives weighed in on the protest on November 29, 2016. Senators Al Franken of Minnesota and Cory Booker of New Jersey called upon U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch to investigate the tactics of law enforcement officers against peaceful protesters, and to send monitors to track any violence against protesters.[208] Several members of the House made statements as well, and Representative Tulsi Gabbard of Hawaii announced plans to join hundreds of other military veterans in protecting the protesters in early December.[208]

Native American lacrosse players Lyle Thompson and his brothers Miles, Jeremy and Hiana and others including Bill O'Brien and Scott Marr, used social media to support the protesters. They visited the camp as well, bringing lacrosse sticks and organizing games, giving instructions to those who had never before played the game. Following the Trump administration's January 2017 reversal of the Court decisions made under the Obama administration, the players said that they planned to continue with their support. [209]

Following her unexpected win in the 2018 New York Democratic primary race, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez credited the time she spent at the protest camp as the reason for her decision run for political office. In an interview she recalled her visit to Standing Rock as a tipping point, saying that she had previously felt that the only way to effectively run for office was if you had access to wealth, social influence, and power. But her visit to North Dakota, where she saw others "putting their whole lives and everything that they had on the line for the protection of their community," inspired her to begin to work within her own community.[210]

The media did not report on the Dakota Access Pipeline protests until about five months after it had started happening and gaining attention on social media (they started reporting in August 2016).[211] Some argue that this shows the media is indifferent toward Native Americans.[211] And what they did report included stereotypes about Native Americans, describing teepees and speaking of poverty and alcoholism.[211]

See also

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  • Camp of the Sacred Stones - First Water Protectors camp formed at Standing Rock
  • Water Protector Legal Collective - Non-profit legal organization formed to defend Water Protectors
  • ReZpect Our Water - Standing Rock Youth and Water Runners
  • NoDAPL Twitter feed
  • NoDAPL Archive
  • Memorandum Opinion of "Standing Rock Sioux Tribe vs U.S. Army Corps of Engineers" - September 2016 - U.S. District Court
  • DAPL Pipeline Facts - Oil Industry information about the pipeline
  • Orion Magazine - Women and Standing Rock
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