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Neil Gershenfeld

Neil Adam Gershenfeld (born December 1, 1959) is an American physicist. He is a professor in the MIT Program in Media Arts and Sciences [ 1 ] and the director of the MIT Center ...

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Neil Adam Gershenfeld (born December 1, 1959) is an American physicist. He is a professor in the MIT Program in Media Arts and Sciences[1] and the director of the MIT Center for Bits and Atoms.[2] He works mainly on interdisciplinary topics in physics and computer science, such as quantum computing, nanotechnology, and personal fabrication. He has been called the "intellectual father of the maker movement".[3]

Early life and education

Gershenfeld was born on December 1, 1959 in Ardmore, Pennsylvania to a Jewish family.[4][5] His father, Walter Gershenfeld, was a labor arbitrator and mediator and emeritus professor of management at Temple University,[6] and his mother Gladys Gershenfeld who was also an arbitrator.[7][8]

He attended Plymouth-Whitemarsh High School in Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania. Later he attended Swarthmore College, graduating in 1981 with a B.A. degree in physics with high honors.[9] In 1990, he earned a Ph.D. in physics at Cornell University; his thesis was titled Representation of chaos.[10]

He received an honorary doctorate from Swarthmore College in 2006.[11] In 2012 he received an honorary doctorate from Strathclyde University.[12]

Career

Gershenfeld in 2008
Gershenfeld as keynote speaker at APMM 2010

En 1998, Gershenfeld comenzó un curso en el MIT llamado "Cómo hacer (casi) cualquier cosa". Gershenfeld quería presentar máquinas costosas de tamaño industrial a los estudiantes técnicos. Sin embargo, este curso atrajo a muchos estudiantes de diversos orígenes: artistas, arquitectos, diseñadores, estudiantes sin ninguna formación técnica. En su entrevista con CNN , Gershenfeld dijo que "los estudiantes... estaban respondiendo a una pregunta que yo no hice, que es: ¿Para qué sirve esto? Y la respuesta es: No para hacer lo que se puede comprar en las tiendas, sino para hacer lo que no se puede comprar en las tiendas. Es para personalizar la fabricación". [ 13 ] Gershenfeld cree que este es el comienzo de una nueva revolución: una revolución digital en la fabricación que permitirá a las personas fabricar cosas, máquinas bajo demanda.

Gershenfeld presentó su curso sobre "Cómo hacer (casi) cualquier cosa" en la Conferencia de la Asociación de Modelistas Profesionales (APMM) de 2010. [ 14 ] En 2023, su curso ganó el Premio Irwin Sizer a la Mejora Más Significativa en la educación del MIT. [ 15 ]

Esta clase llevó posteriormente a Gershenfeld a crear Fab Lab . [ 16 ] Gershenfeld siente una gran pasión por este proyecto, ya que cree que enseñar a los niños a usar la tecnología y crearla por sí mismos empoderará a las futuras generaciones para que sean más independientes y creen la tecnología que cada comunidad necesita, no la que ya está disponible en el mercado. Existen Fab Labs en más de 150 países. [ 17 ] En una entrevista con la revista Discover sobre la utilidad de la fabricación personal, Gershenfeld afirmó: «Hay una sorprendente necesidad de tecnologías emergentes en muchos de los lugares menos desarrollados del planeta. Si bien nuestras necesidades pueden estar bastante satisfechas, hay miles de millones de personas en el planeta cuyas necesidades no lo están. Sus problemas no requieren ajustes graduales en la tecnología actual, sino una revolución». [ 18 ]

Gershenfeld preside la Fab Foundation, [ 19 ] dirige la Fab Academy, [ 20 ] que se convirtió en la plataforma "Academany" para la educación práctica distribuida. [ 21 ]

Además del curso "Cómo hacer (casi) cualquier cosa", Gershenfeld ha impartido "Cómo hacer algo que haga (casi) cualquier cosa", "La física de la tecnología de la información" y "La naturaleza del modelado matemático". [ 22 ]

Estuvo involucrado en la creación de Interspecies Internet , donde es un fideicomisario fundador. [ 23 ] [ 24 ]

Gershenfeld ha hablado en conferencias TED , [ 23 ] y ha presentado en el Foro Económico Mundial en Davos. [ 25 ]

Pionero de la computación cuántica

En 1998, Gershenfield y sus colaboradores construyeron la primera computadora cuántica (de 2 cúbits) que podía cargarse con datos y generar una solución. Si bien no era práctica, demostró los principios de la computación cuántica y fue la primera computación cuántica significativamente más rápida que la clásica. [ 26 ] [ 27 ]

Material ultraligero

En 2013, Gershenfeld y otros investigadores del MIT presentaron materiales compuestos celulares ensamblados reversiblemente . [ 28 ] [ 29 ]

Otras investigaciones

Gershenfeld con James Randi en TAM 5

Su trabajo ha sido publicado en Science , Nature , IEEE, ACM, Cell y muchas otras revistas, así como en la revista de la Sociedad Americana de Física .

Gershenfeld publicó un artículo temprano sobre lo que se conoció como el Internet de las Cosas . [ 30 ] Su artículo "Lógica de burbujas microfluídicas" introdujo la lógica digital en la microfluídica . [ 31 ] Su artículo sobre "Funciones físicas unidireccionales" introdujo el concepto de funciones físicas unidireccionales . [ 32 ]

Gershenfeld lanzó el Great Invention Kit en 2008, un kit de construcción que los usuarios pueden manipular para crear diversos objetos. [ 33 ]

Honores y reconocimientos

Gershenfeld es miembro de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Física (2007). [ 34 ] Es miembro de la Asociación Estadounidense para el Avance de la Ciencia (2020). [ 35 ] Es miembro electo de la Academia Nacional de Ingeniería (2023). [ 36 ]

Scientific American named Gershenfeld one of their "Scientific American 50" for 2004 and has also named him Communications Research Leader of the Year.[37] Gershenfeld has been featured in The New York Times,[38] in The Economist,[39] and on NPR.[40] He was named as one of the 40 modern-day Leonardos by the Museum of Science and Industry Chicago.[41]Prospect named him as one of the top 100 public intellectuals.[42]

Jeffrey Epstein encounters

In July 2019, it was revealed that the director of the MIT Media Lab, Joi Ito, had accepted several large donations from Jeffrey Epstein; Ito later resigned in the ensuing scandal.[43] According to a 2020 investigation by Goodwin Procter, published at the request of the MIT Corporation, Gershenfeld and other faculty had encountered Epstein three times during MIT Lab tours between June and October 2013. During one tour, Esptein expressed an interest in Gershenfeld's research work including consciousness, and signaling and deception by animals.[44] After the initial meeting at MIT, Gershenfeld accepted a dinner invitation to Epstein's home in New York City.[44] Confirming this, emails from the Epstein files showed that in 2013, Epstein requested that Gershenfeld invite artist Jeff Koons to Epstein's home for dinner.[45][46]

Bibliography

  • Gershenfeld, Neil (1999). The Nature of Mathematical Modeling. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57095-4.; 1st edition. 1998; hbk, 356 pages{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[47]
  • Neil A. Gershenfeld (2000). When Things Start to Think. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-5880-2; 2000 pbk edition of 1999 hbk edition{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link); Gershenfeld, Neil (1999). 1st edition. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8050-5874-1. (hbk)[48][49]
  • Gershenfeld, Neil (2011). The Physics of Information Technology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-21022-5.1st edition. 2000.[50]
  • Gershenfeld, Neil (2011). Fab: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop. ReadHowYouWant Limited. ISBN 978-1-4596-1057-6.Gershenfeld, Neil A. (2005). 1st edition. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02745-3.[51]
  • Gershenfeld, Neil; Gershenfeld, Alan; Cutcher-Gershenfeld, Joel (2017). Designing reality: How to survive and thrive in the third digital revolution. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465093489.[52] ebook ISBN 9780465093489

References

  1. ^"Massachusetts Institute of Technology". MIT.
  2. ^"Neil Gershenfeld biography". ng.cba.mit.edu. Retrieved April 26, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  3. ^"Making (Almost) Anything". Spectrum. Fall 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2026.
  4. ^National Academy of Arbitrators Annual Meeting (2011). Arbitration 2010(PDF). p. xxii. ISBN 978-1-61746-000-5.
  5. ^Funeral, Goldsteins (May 5, 2022). "Walter Gershenfeld Obituary". Goldsteins Funeral.
  6. ^Downey, Sally A. (February 27, 2010). "Walter J. Gershenfeld, 84, management professor". Inquirer.com.
  7. ^Saulnier, Beth (October 16, 2021). "The Replicator Revolution – Cornell Alumni Magazine". Cornell Alumni Magazine – Your alma mater, your stories, your magazine.
  8. ^"Guide to the Gershenfeld, Walter and Gladys Arbitration Papers, 1932-2010". Rare and Manuscript Collections.
  9. ^"CV: Prof. Neil Gershenfeld"(PDF). ng.cba.mit.edu. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
  10. ^Gershenfeld, Neil (1990). Representation of chaos (Ph.D.). Cornell University. OCLC 64017404.
  11. ^Gershenfeld, Neil (May 2006). "Swarthmore Commencement Address -- Neil Gershenfeld '81". Swarthmore College. Retrieved March 30, 2026.
  12. ^"Oscar Pistorius to be awarded honorary degree from Strathclyde". Strathclyde Telegraph. October 11, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2026.
  13. ^Zakaria, Fareed (July 17, 2013). "On GPS: Future of digital fabrication". CNN website. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
  14. ^"APMM 2010 Conference – Keynote Professor Neil Gershenfeld". Prototype Today. 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
  15. ^"Irwin Sizer Award: 2023". MIT Awards Convocation. 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2026.
  16. ^Tretkoff, Ernie (April 6, 2006). "Gershenfeld Hopes to Spearhead a Fab-ulous Revolution". American Physical Society. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
  17. ^"LabsMap". FabLabs. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
  18. ^Svitil, Kathy A. (January 1, 2003). "Physicist Neil Gershenfeld—Time to Make the Computer Vanish". Discover. 26 (1). Kalmbach Publishing. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
  19. ^"Fab Foundation Board". Fab Foundation. Retrieved March 30, 2026.
  20. ^"Meet Our People: Program Director". Fab Academy. Retrieved March 30, 2026. Neil leads the academy
  21. ^"About". Academany. Retrieved March 30, 2026.
  22. ^Gershenfeld, Neil. "List of Neil Gershenfeld classes". ng.cba.mit.edu. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
  23. ^ ab"The interspecies internet? An idea in progress". Ted Talks. February 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2026.
  24. ^"Team". Interspecies Internet. Retrieved March 30, 2026. Founding Trustee
  25. ^"Progressive Companies Make Leap from Sustainable to "Circular" Manufacturing". World Economic Forum. January 25, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2026.
  26. ^Chuang, Isaac L.; Gershenfeld, Neil; Kubinec, Mark (1998). "Experimental Implementation of Fast Quantum Searching". Physical Review Letters. 80 (15). The American Physical Society: 3408–3411. Bibcode:1998PhRvL..80.3408C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.3408.
  27. ^Holton, William Coffeen. "quantum computer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
  28. ^Cheung, K. C.; Gershenfeld, N. (2013). "Reversibly Assembled Cellular Composite Materials". Science. 341 (6151): 1219–1221. Bibcode:2013Sci...341.1219C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.672.1351. doi:10.1126/science.1240889. PMID 23950496. S2CID 206550070.
  29. ^Cheung, K. C.; Gershenfeld, N. (July 17, 2013). "Assembling big structures out of small ultralight pieces". Science. 341 (6151): 1219–1221. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.672.1351. doi:10.1126/science.1240889. PMID 23950496. S2CID 206550070. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
  30. ^Gershenfeld, Neil; Krikorian, Raffi; Cohen, Danny (2004). "The internet of things". Scientific American. 291 (4): 76–81.
  31. ^Gershenfeld, Neil; Prakash, Manu (February 9, 2007). "Microfluidic Bubble Logic". Science. 315 (5813): 832–5. Bibcode:2007Sci...315..832P. doi:10.1126/science.1136907. hdl:1721.1/46593. PMID 17289994. S2CID 5882836. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
  32. ^Gershenfeld, Neil; Pappu, Ravikanth; Recht, Ben; Taylor, Jason (September 20, 2002). "Physical one-way functions". Science. 297 (5589): 2026–30. Bibcode:2002Sci...297.2026P. doi:10.1126/science.1074376. hdl:1721.1/45499. PMID 12242435. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
  33. ^Greenberg, Andy (August 21, 2008). "Invention kits let you build (almost) anything". NBC News. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
  34. ^"Awards and honors". MIT News. December 12, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2026.
  35. ^"Six MIT faculty elected 2020 AAAS Fellows". MIT News. November 24, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2026.
  36. ^"Members: Dr. Neil Gershenfeld". National Academy of Engineering. Retrieved March 30, 2026.
  37. ^"The Scientific American 50". Scientific American. December 2004. p. 47.
  38. ^Giridharadas, Anand (May 13, 2011). "The Kitchen-Table Industrialists". The New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
  39. ^the printed edition (June 9, 2005). "How to make (almost) anything". The Economist. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
  40. ^"The Making of a Personal Lab". NPR. November 11, 2005. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
  41. ^"Modern-Day Leonardos". Museum of Science and Industry Chicago. Archived from the original on July 27, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
  42. ^"Intellectuals—the results". Prospect. July 26, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
  43. ^Tracy, Marc; Hsu, Tiffany (September 7, 2019). "Director of M.I.T.'s Media Lab Resigns After Taking Money From Jeffrey Epstein". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  44. ^ ab"Report concerning Jeffrey Epstein's interactions with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology"(PDF). January 10, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2025.
  45. ^"Jeff Koons Attended Dinner Party at Jeffrey Epstein's House". Hyperallergic. February 2, 2026.
  46. ^Greenberger, Alex (February 3, 2026). "Jeff Koons Says He 'Did Not Have a Relationship' with Jeffrey Epstein After Appearing in Files". ARTnews.com.
  47. ^McKibben, Mark (January 18, 2001). "Review of The Nature of Mathematical Modeling by Neil Gershenfeld". MAA Reviews, Mathematical Association of America.
  48. ^"Review of When Things Start to Think by Neil Gershenfeld". Publishers Weekly. January 4, 1999.
  49. ^"Review of When Things Start to Think by Neil Gershenfeld". Kirkus Reviews. November 15, 1998.
  50. ^Yee, Danny (2001). "Review of The Physics of Information Technology by Neil Gershenfeld". science.slashdot.org. (See Slashdot.)
  51. ^"Review of Fab: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop—From Personal Computers to Personal Fabrication". Publishers Weekly. April 2005.
  52. ^Shapira, Philip (2017). "Making the future (book review of Designing reality: How to survive and thrive in the third digital revolution)". Science. 358 (6366): 1007.1–1007. Bibcode:2017Sci...358.1007S. doi:10.1126/science.aap9616. S2CID 52807056.
  • Official website
  • Center for Bits and Atoms at MIT
  • Science magazine website
  • American Physical Society website
  • Fab Foundation website
  • Neil Gershenfeld at TED
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