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Lista de sondas del Sistema Solar

Esta es una lista de sondas espaciales que han abandonado la órbita terrestre (o fueron lanzadas con esa intención pero fracasaron), organizadas por su destino planificado. Incl...

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Esta es una lista de sondas espaciales que han abandonado la órbita terrestre (o fueron lanzadas con esa intención pero fracasaron), organizadas por su destino planificado. Incluye sondas planetarias, sondas solares y sondas a asteroides y cometas, pero excluye las misiones lunares, que se enumeran por separado en Lista de sondas lunares y Lista de misiones Apolo . Los sobrevuelos (como asistencias gravitacionales ) que fueron incidentales al propósito principal de la misión también se incluyen. Los sobrevuelos de la Tierra se enumeran por separado en Lista de sobrevuelos de la Tierra . Se incluyen las sondas futuras confirmadas, pero no las misiones que aún están en la etapa de concepto, o que nunca progresaron más allá de la etapa de concepto.

Llave

Clave de color:

  • † significa "identificado tentativamente", según la clasificación de la NASA. [1] Se trata de misiones soviéticas de la época de la Guerra Fría, en su mayoría fallidas, sobre las que se han publicado pocos o ningún detalle oficialmente. La información proporcionada puede ser especulativa.
  • La fecha es la fecha de:
  • Encuentro más cercano (vuelos de aproximación)
  • Impacto (impactadores)
  • Inserción orbital hasta el final de la misión, ya sea planificada o prematura (orbitadores)
  • Aterrizaje hasta el final de la misión, ya sea planificado o prematuro (aterrizaje)
  • lanzamiento (misiones que nunca se pusieron en marcha debido a un fallo en el lanzamiento o poco después)
En los casos que no se ajustan a ninguno de los anteriores, se indica el evento al que se refiere la fecha. Como resultado de este esquema, las misiones no siempre se enumeran en orden de lanzamiento.
  • Algunos de los términos utilizados en Tipo :
  • Sobrevuelo: la sonda pasa cerca de un cuerpo astronómico, pero no lo orbita.
  • Orbitador : Parte de una sonda que orbita un cuerpo astronómico.
  • Lander : Parte de una sonda que desciende a la superficie de un cuerpo astronómico.
  • Rover : Parte de una sonda que actúa como vehículo para moverse sobre la superficie sólida de un cuerpo astronómico.
  • Penetrador: Parte de una sonda que impacta un cuerpo astronómico.
  • Sonda o globo atmosférico: Parte de una sonda que desciende o flota en la atmósfera de un cuerpo astronómico; no se limita a globos meteorológicos y otras sondas atmosféricas , ya que también se puede utilizar para obtener imágenes de la superficie y del subsuelo y para la teledetección .
  • Retorno de muestras : Partes de la sonda regresan a la Tierra con muestras físicas.
  • En Estado , en el caso de sobrevuelos (como asistencia gravitacional) que son incidentales a la misión principal, "éxito" indica la finalización exitosa del sobrevuelo, no necesariamente la de la misión principal.

Sondas solares

Si bien el Sol no se puede explorar físicamente con la tecnología actual, se han diseñado y lanzado las siguientes sondas de observación solar para que operen en órbita heliocéntrica o en uno de los puntos lagrangianos Tierra-Sol (se colocaron observatorios solares adicionales en órbita terrestre y no están incluidos en esta lista):

1960–1969

1974–1997

Desde el año 2000

Sondas de mercurio

Sondas de Venus

Los primeros programas que abarcan varias naves espaciales incluyen:

1961–1969

1970–1978

1982–1999

Desde 2006

Propuesto

Sobrevuelos de la Tierra

Ver lista de sobrevuelos de la Tierra

Además, varias sondas planetarias han enviado observaciones del sistema Tierra-Luna poco después de su lanzamiento, entre las que destacan la Mariner 10 , las Pioneers 10 y 11 y ambas sondas Voyager ( Voyager 1 y Voyager 2 ).

Sondas lunares

Ver lista de sondas lunares

Sondas de Marte

Los principales programas iniciales que abarcan múltiples sondas incluyen:

1960–1969

1971–1976

1988–1999

2001–2009

2011–2018

Desde 2020

Propuesto

Sondas de Fobos

Sondas Ceres

Sondas de asteroides

Jupiter probes

Ganymede probes

Saturn probes

Titan probes

Uranus probes

Neptune probes

Pluto probes

Comet probes

Kuiper belt probes

Probes leaving the Solar System

Other probes to leave Earth orbit

For completeness, this section lists probes that have left (or will leave) Earth orbit, but are not primarily targeted at any of the above bodies.

Cancelled probes and missions

See also

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  • Planetary Society: Cassini's Tour of the Saturn System
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