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1285

Peter III overlooking the Panissar Pass Year 1285 ( MCCLXXXV ) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar . Events By place Europe Cruzada Aragonesa : Las fuerz...

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Peter III overlooking the Panissar Pass

Year 1285 (MCCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe

England

Levant

  • April 17– Mamluk forces under Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) appear with specially built war engines before the Crusader fortress of Margat and begin a siege. For a month, the Mamluks can make no progress and the assaults on the stronghold are repelled. Qalawun then invites a delegation of Knights Hospitaller to come and see the damage his engineers have done to the 'impregnable' fortifications. They understood they have no real choice and are forced to surrender on May 25. The Hospitallers are allowed to retire with all their possessions, on horseback and fully armed. The rest of the garrison is promised a safe-conduct to Tortosa – while Qalawun establishes a Mamluk garrison which he uses as a basis for further campaigns against the Crusader States.[6]

Asia

By topic

Art and Culture

Markets

  • The first record is made of an emission of life annuities, by the city of Lübeck. It is the first instance of issue of public debt in Germany, and it confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt over north-western Europe (see 1228).[8]
  • The County of Champagne is integrated into the kingdom of France; the region loses its haven characteristics for foreign merchants, and the Fairs of Troyes quickly dwindle into economic insignificance.[9]

Religion

Nacimientos

Fallecidos

References

  1. ↑Hallam, Elizabeth M. (1980). Capetian France: 987–1328, p. 356. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-40428-1.
  2. ↑Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
  3. ↑Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
  4. ↑Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 91. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
  5. ↑Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 150. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  6. ↑Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 330–31. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  7. ↑Stone, Zofia (2017). Genghis Khan: A Biography, p. 76. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-93-86367-11-2.
  8. ↑Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550). Leiden/Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17565-5.
  9. ↑Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991). Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506774-6.
  10. ↑Kaufhold, Hubert (2000). "Notizen zur Späten Geschichte des Barsaumo-Klosters". Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 3 (2): 227. Archived from the original on August 31, 2025. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  11. ↑"Ferdinand IV | king of Castile and Leon". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
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