Hispanopedia Wiki
Articulo de referencia

Elaboración de perfiles de delincuentes

Thomas Bond (1841–1901), uno de los precursores de la elaboración de perfiles de delincuentes [ 1 ] La elaboración de perfiles de delincuentes , también conocida como perfilació...

Hispanopedia WikiContenido en espanolLectura gratuita

Thomas Bond (1841–1901), uno de los precursores de la elaboración de perfiles de delincuentes [ 1 ]

La elaboración de perfiles de delincuentes , también conocida como perfilación criminal , es una estrategia de investigación utilizada por las fuerzas del orden para identificar a los posibles sospechosos y ha sido utilizada por los investigadores para vincular casos que pueden haber sido cometidos por el mismo perpetrador. Una prueba empírica de los supuestos de la vinculación de casos y la elaboración de perfiles de delincuentes con robos comerciales en serie.

Existen diversos enfoques para la elaboración de perfiles de delincuentes, como el método tipológico del FBI, el perfil geográfico y la psicología forense, cada uno de los cuales utiliza diferentes técnicas para analizar la conducta del delincuente. La elaboración de perfiles se aplica principalmente en casos de delitos violentos como asesinatos en serie, delitos sexuales e incendios provocados, donde los patrones de comportamiento pueden proporcionar pistas para la investigación.

A pesar de su uso en la aplicación de la ley, la elaboración de perfiles de delincuentes sigue siendo controvertida, ya que sus críticos argumentan que a menudo carece de validación empírica, se basa en gran medida en la interpretación subjetiva y puede contribuir a sesgos cognitivos en las investigaciones criminales. Los avances en psicología forense y metodologías basadas en datos continúan dando forma al campo, integrando teorías psicológicas con análisis estadísticos para mejorar la fiabilidad y la precisión. [ 2 ]

El creador del perfilamiento moderno fue el agente del FBI Robert Ressler . Definió el perfilamiento como el proceso de identificar todas las características psicológicas de un individuo y formar una descripción general de su personalidad basada en un análisis de los delitos que ha cometido. [ 3 ]

Historia

Según RS Feldman, la referencia más antigua al uso de perfiles psicológicos se encuentra en el ensayo de Quintiliano «Instrucciones para el orador», escrito en el siglo I d. C. En él se incluía información sobre los gestos utilizados por las personas en aquella época. [ 4 ] M. Woodworth y S. Porter consideran que el primer desarrollo sobre el tema de los perfiles psicológicos que debería tenerse en cuenta es el infame Malleus Maleficarum («Martillo de las brujas»), escrito en el siglo XV, ya que contiene perfiles psicológicos de supuestas brujas . [ 5 ]

There is also an opinion that the first "professional profiler", albeit a fictional one, was C. August Dupin, the protagonist of Edgar Allan Poe'sshort storyThe Murders in the Rue Morgue (1841), who constructed a psychological portrait of the killer.[6] A factual work related to profiling with a scientific approach was Charles Darwin's book, The Expression of Emotions in humans and animals (1872). It contained only a description of external manifestations, but it was a systemization, and thus the beginning of a scientific study of the subject.[7]

An Italian psychologist Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909) was a criminologist who attempted to formally classify criminals based on age, gender, physical characteristics, education, and geographic region. When comparing these similar characteristics, he better understood the origin of motivation of criminal behavior, and in 1876, he published the book The Criminal Man.[8] Lombroso studied 383 Italian inmates. Based on his studies, he suggested that there were three types of criminals: born criminals, degenerate criminals and insane criminals who suffered from mental illness. Also, he studied and found specific physical characteristics; some examples included asymmetry of the face, eye defects and peculiarities, ears of unusual size, etc.[9]

One of the first offender profiles was assembled by detectives of the Metropolitan Police on the personality of Jack the Ripper,[10] a serial killer who had murdered a series of prostitutes in the 1880s. Police surgeon Thomas Bond was asked to give his opinion on the extent of the murderer's surgical skill and knowledge.[1] Bond's assessment was based on his own examination of the most extensively mutilated victim and the post mortem notes from the four previous canonical murders.[11] In his notes, dated November 10, 1888, Bond mentioned the sexual nature of the murders coupled with elements of apparent misogyny and rage. Bond also tried to reconstruct the murder and interpret the behavior pattern of the offender.[11] Bond's basic profile included that "The murderer must have been a man of physical strength and great coolness and daring... subject to periodic attacks of homicidal and erotic mania. The characters of the mutilations indicate that the man may be in a condition sexually, that may be called Satyriasis."[12]

In 1912, a psychologist in Lackawanna, New York delivered a lecture in which he analyzed the unknown murderer of a local boy named Joey Joseph, dubbed "The Postcard Killer" in the press.[13]

In 1932, Dr. Dudley Schoenfeld gave the authorities his predictions about the personality of the kidnapper of the Lindbergh baby.[14]:229

In 1943, at the request of the US Office of Strategic Services, psychiatrist Walter C. Langer developed a profile of Adolf Hitler that hypothesized the Nazi dictator's response to various scenarios, including losing World War II.[15][16][17] After the war, British psychologist Lionel Haward, while working for the Royal Air Force police, drew up a list of characteristics that high-ranking war criminals might display. These characteristics were used to identify high-ranking war criminals amongst captured soldiers and airmen.[18]

James Brussel was a psychiatrist who rose to fame after his profile of New York City's "Mad Bomber" George Metesky was published in the New York Times in 1956.[19] The media dubbed him "The Sherlock Holmes of the Couch."[20] In his 1968 book, Casebook of a Crime Psychiatrist, Brussel relates how he predicted that the bomber would wear a buttoned-up double-breasted suit, but removed the many incorrect predictions he had made in his profile, claiming he had successfully predicted that the bomber would be a Slav who lived in Connecticut, when in fact, he had actually predicted he would be "born and educated in Germany," and live in White Plains, New York.[21][22] In 1964, Brussel profiled the Boston Strangler for the Boston Police Department.[15]

Modern developments

Offender profiling was first introduced to the FBI in the 1960s, when several classes were taught to the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors.

In 1972, after the death of J. Edgar Hoover, who was skeptical of psychiatry,[14]:230–231 the Behavioral Science Unit (BSU) of the FBI was formed by Patrick Mullany and Howard Teten in 1972,[23] leading to the rapid development of the field. At the BSU, Robert Ressler and John Douglas began an informal series of ad hoc interviews with 36 convicts starting in early 1978.[14]:230–231[24][15]

The BSU later became the Behavioral Analysis Unit.[25][26] It led to the establishment of the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime in 1984, of which the BAU is now a part,[27] after Douglas and Ressler created a typology of sexually motivated violent offenders.[28] The Violent Criminal Apprehension Program was launched in 1985.

El número de marzo de 1980 del Boletín de las Fuerzas del Orden del FBI invitó a la policía local a solicitar perfiles al FBI. [ 24 ] Un artículo del número de abril de 1980, «El asesino lujurioso», introdujo la dicotomía de delincuentes «organizados» y «desorganizados». [ 24 ] El número de agosto de 1985 describió una tercera categoría, «mixta». [ 24 ]

En 1984, Robert Keppel y el psicólogo Richard Walter llevaron a cabo investigaciones sobre los asesinos en serie Ted Bundy y Gary Ridgway . Posteriormente, desarrollaron los cuatro subtipos de delitos violentos y la base de datos del Sistema Integrado de Telemetría Hunter (HITS), que recopilaba características de los delitos violentos para la investigación. [ 29 ]

En 1985, el Dr. David Canter, en el Reino Unido, elaboró ​​el perfil de los "violadores del ferrocarril" John Duffy y David Mulcahy . [ 15 ] David Canter colaboró ​​con detectives de la policía desde mediados de la década de 1980 con un delincuente que había perpetrado una serie de ataques graves, pero Canter reconoció las limitaciones de la elaboración de perfiles de delincuentes, en particular, la opinión subjetiva y personal de un psicólogo. Él y un colega acuñaron el término psicología investigativa y comenzaron a abordar el tema desde lo que consideraban un punto de vista más científico. [ 30 ]

El Manual de Clasificación de Delitos se publicó en 1992 e introdujo el término "análisis de investigación criminal". [ 24 ]

El perfilamiento de delincuentes era poco conocido por el público hasta que se dio a conocer en televisión. Posteriormente, las películas basadas en las obras de ficción del autor Thomas Harris captaron la atención del público como una profesión, en particular Manhunter (1986) y El silencio de los corderos (1991).

Teoría

Perfiles criminales de la obra Identification anthropométrique (1893) de Alphonse Bertillon (fallecido en 1914) , que muestran "tipos criminales".

La elaboración de perfiles psicológicos se describe como un método de identificación de sospechosos que busca identificar las características mentales, emocionales y de personalidad de una persona basándose en los hechos realizados o dejados en la escena del crimen. [ 31 ] Existen dos supuestos principales en la elaboración de perfiles de delincuentes: la consistencia conductual y la homología. La consistencia conductual es la idea de que los delitos de un delincuente tenderán a ser similares entre sí. La homología es la idea de que delitos similares son cometidos por delincuentes similares. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ]

Los supuestos fundamentales en los que se basa la elaboración de perfiles de delincuentes, como el supuesto de homología, han sido demostrados obsoletos por los avances en psicología y ciencias del comportamiento. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] La mayoría de los enfoques de elaboración de perfiles asumen que el comportamiento está determinado principalmente por la personalidad, no por factores situacionales, un supuesto que la investigación psicológica ha reconocido como un error desde la década de 1960. [ 37 ] [ 34 ] Se ha observado que los elaboradores de perfiles son muy reacios a participar en estudios sobre la precisión de la elaboración de perfiles. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 37 ] [ 34 ] En un artículo de 2021 se señaló que de 243 casos, alrededor de 188 se resolvieron con la ayuda de la elaboración de perfiles criminales. [ 34 ]

Un estudio ampliamente citado de Mokros y Alison (2002) puso a prueba la hipótesis de homología utilizando una muestra de violadores convictos y no halló una correlación significativa entre las similitudes en el comportamiento en la escena del crimen y las similitudes en las características del delincuente, como la edad, la ocupación o los antecedentes penales. Esta investigación proporcionó pruebas contundentes de que los delincuentes con patrones de comportamiento comparables no necesariamente se parecen entre sí en términos de perfiles psicológicos o demográficos. Estos hallazgos aumentaron las dudas sobre la fiabilidad del uso de comportamientos en la escena del crimen para inferir rasgos específicos sobre un delincuente desconocido, poniendo en entredicho la base científica de muchas prácticas de elaboración de perfiles. [ 40 ]

Crítica

A partir de 2021, although the practice of offender profiling is widely used, publicized and researched globally, there is a significant lack of empirical research or evidence to support the validity of psychological profiling in criminal investigations.[41][42] Critics question the reliability, validity, and utility of criminal profiles generally provided in police investigations. Even over the years common criminal profiling methods have changed and been looked down upon due to weak definitions that differentiate the criminal's behaviors, assumptions and their psychodynamic process of the offender actions and characteristics that occur. In other words, this leads to poor and misleading profiles on offenders because they are based on opinions and decisions made up from one profiler conducting research on the offender. Research in 2007-2008 into profiling's effectiveness have prompted some researchers to label the practice as pseudoscientific.[39][43] At the time, Canadian journalist Malcolm Gladwell, writing in The New Yorker, compared profiling to astrology and cold reading.[21] Other critics described criminal profiling as an investigative tool hiding behind a lack of scientific evidence and support.[43]

Lack of regulation

The profession of criminal profiling is unregulated.[44] There is no governing body which determines who is and who is not qualified to be a criminal profiler, and therefore those who identify themselves as criminal profilers may range from someone with minimal experience to someone with extensive experience in the realm of criminal investigation.[44] In addition to the lack of criteria as to what makes an expert in the field of criminal profiling, there is little empirical evidence supporting the accuracy of criminal profiling.[45] There is an abundance of anecdotal support for criminal profiling, much of which originates from reports made by police officers and investigators regarding the performance of criminal profilers.[45]

Law enforcement agents have been found to greatly support the use of criminal profiling, but studies have shown that detectives are poor profilers themselves.[44][45] One study presented police officers with two different profiles for the same perpetrator, each of which varied greatly from the officers' own description.[46] It was found that the officers were unable to determine whether one profile was more accurate than the other, and felt that all profiles accurately described the perpetrator. Officers were able to find truth in whichever profile they viewed, believing it accurately described the perpetrator, demonstrating the presence of the Barnum effect.[46][47]

In addition, an investigator's judgement of the accuracy of a profile is impacted by the perceived source of the information; if the officer believes that the profile was written by an "expert" or "professional", they are likely to perceive it as more accurate than a profile written by someone who is identified as a consultant.[48] This poses a genuine problem when considering that there are no true criteria which determine who may be considered a "professional" criminal profiler, and when considering that support for criminal profiling is largely based on the opinion of police officers.[44][45]

Typologies

The most routinely used typology in profiling is categorizing crime scenes, and by extension offender's personalities, as either "organized" or "disorganized".[37][21] The idea of classifying crime scenes according to organized/disorganized dichotomy is credited to the FBI profiler Roy Hazelwood.[49]

A typology of serial sexual homicides advocated by Robert Keppel and Richard Walter categorizes them as either power–assertive, power–reassurance, anger–retaliatory, or anger–excitation.[37]

Criminal profiling can also be ex-ante or ex-post. Descriptive profiling of a perpetrator is a type of ex-post profiling, and can be used to prevent a serial killer from striking again.

Other profiling typologies have been developed over time, including distinctions based on motivation, method of attack, or psychological state. While typologies can provide investigators with a framework for understanding offender behavior, they are often based on clinical judgment and are not always supported by empirical research. Alternative approaches, such as Behavioral Evidence Analysis (BEA), focus on reconstructing the offender's actions and decision-making based on physical evidence, victimology, and crime scene dynamics, rather than relying on general typologies.[50]

Approaches

There are three leading approaches in the area of offender profiling: the criminal investigative approach, the clinical practitioner approach, and the scientific statistical approach. The criminal investigative approach is what is used by law enforcement and more specifically by the Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) within the FBI. The BAU "assists law enforcement agencies by their review and assessment of a criminal act, by interpreting the offender's behavior during the crime and the interactions between the offender and the victim during the commission of the crime and as expressed in the crime scene."[32] The clinical practitioner approach focuses on looking at each case as unique, making the approach very individualistic.

One practitioner, Turco, believed that all violent crimes were a result of the mother-child struggle where female victims represent the offender's mother. This is also recognized as the psychodynamic approach. Another practitioner, Copson, outlined some principles for profiling that include being custom made, interactive and reflexive. By following these principles, the profile should include advice that is unique and not from a stereotype, should be easy to understand for all levels of intelligence, and all elements in the profile should influence one another.[32] The Scientific approach relies heavily on the multivariate analysis of behaviors and any other information from the crime scene that could lead to the offender's characteristics or psychological processes. According to this approach, elements of the profile are developed by comparing the results of the analysis to those of previously caught offenders.[32]

Wilson, Lincon and Kocsis list three main paradigms of profiling: diagnostic evaluation, crime scene analysis, and investigative psychology.[51] Ainsworth[52] identified four: clinical profiling (synonymous with diagnostic evaluation), typological profiling (synonymous with crime scene analysis), investigative psychology, and geographical profiling.[53]

Five steps in profiling include:

  • 1. Analyzing the criminal act and comparing it to similar crimes in the past.
  • 2. An in-depth analysis of the actual crime scene.
  • 3. Considering the victim's background and activities for possible motives and connections.
  • 4. Considering other possible motives.
  • 5. Developing a description of the possible offender that can be compared with previous cases.[54]

One type of criminal profiling is referred to as linkage analysis. Gerard N. Labuschagne defines linkage analysis as "a form of behavioral analysis that is used to determine the possibility of a series of crimes as having been committed by one offender."[55] Gathering many aspects of the offender's crime pattern such as modus operandi (MO), ritual or fantasy-based behaviors exhibited, and the signature of the offender, help to establish a basis for a linkage analysis. An offender's modus operandi is the habits or tendencies during the killing of the victim. An offender's signature is the unique similarities in each of the kills. Mainly, linkage analysis is used when physical evidence, such as DNA, cannot be collected.

Labuschagne states that in gathering and incorporating these aspects of the offender's crime pattern, investigators must engage in five assessment procedures:

  • 1. Obtaining data from multiple sources.
  • 2. Reviewing the data and identifying significant features of each crime across the series.
  • 3. Classifying the significant features as either modus operandi or ritualistic.
  • 4. Comparing the combination of modus operandi and ritual or fantasy-based features across the series to determine if a signature exists.
  • 5. Compiling a written report highlighting the findings.[55]

FBI method

There are six stages to developing a criminal profile: profiling inputs, decision process models, crime assessment, criminal profiling, investigation, and apprehension.[32] The FBI and BAU tend to study specific categories of crimes such as white collar and serial murder.[56]

Popularity

Profiling has continuously gotten more accurate throughout the years. In 2008, only 42% of cases were solved using criminal profiling. In 2019 the FBI was able to solve 56% of the cases that were not solved back in the year 2008.[39]

Profiling as an investigative tool has a high level of acceptance among both the general public and police.[35]

In the United States, between 1971 and 1981, the FBI had only profiled cases on 192 occasions. By 1986, FBI profilers were requested in 600 investigations in a single year. By 1996, 12 FBI profilers were applying profiling to approximately 1,000 cases per year.[37]

In the United Kingdom, 29 profilers provided 242 instances of profiling advice between 1981 and 1994; its usage increasing steadily over that period.[37]

The usage of profiling has been documented in Sweden, Finland, New Zealand, South Africa, Germany, Canada, Ireland, Malaysia, Russia, Zimbabwe, and the Netherlands.[38][37]

Surveys of police officers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada have found that an overwhelming majority consider profiling to be useful.[38] A 2007 meta-analysis of existing research into offender profiling noted that there was "a notable incongruity between [profiling's] lack of empirical foundation and the degree of support for the field."[39]

Profiling's continued popularity has been speculatively attributed to broad use of anecdotes and testimonials, a focus on correct predictions over the number of incorrect ones, ambiguous profiles benefiting from the Barnum effect, and the popular appeal of the fantasy of a sleuth with deductive powers like Hercule Poirot and Sherlock Holmes.[37]

According to the BAU, the probability of a profiler being used as "expert testimony" in court and leading to a guilty verdict is 85%. There is a difference between the hard sciences and the social sciences related to testimony and evidence in the courtroom. Some experts contend that offender profiling should not be used in court until such processes can be reliably validated, but as seen, it is still used successfully to this day.

Notable profilers

Notable profilers include Roy Hazelwood, who profiled sexual predators; Ernst Gennat, a German criminologist, who developed an early profiling scheme for the police of Berlin; Walter Charles Langer, who predicted Hitler's behavior and eventual suicide, Howard Teten, who worked on the case of Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination, and John E. Douglas, who worked on a wave of child murders in Atlanta in the 1980s.[57]

One of the earliest documented cases of offender profiling was used during the investigation of the "Mad Bomber" in 1950s New York. Psychiatrist Dr. James A. Brussel created a detailed psychological profile of the unknown suspect, accurately predicting traits such as his age, mental health history, social isolation, and even his habit of wearing a double-breasted suit. Brussel's work helped to narrow the investigation and eventually led to the arrest of George Metesky in 1957, marking a pivotal moment in the development of modern criminal profiling.[58]

Research

In a review of the literature by Eastwood et al. (2006),[38] one of the studies according to, Pinizzotto and Finkel (1990),[59] showed that trained criminal profilers did not do any better than non-profilers in producing an accurate profile. A 2000 study also showed that profilers were not significantly better at creating a profile than any other participating groups.[60]

A survey of statements made in offender profiles done for major cases from 1992 to 2001 found that "72% included repetition of the details of what occurred in the offence (factual statements already known by the police), references to the profiler's competence [...] or caveats about using the material in the investigation." Over 80% of the remaining statements, which made claims about the offender's characteristics, gave no justification for their conclusion.[61][21]

Un estudio de 2003 que pidió a dos grupos diferentes de policías que calificaran la precisión con la que un perfil coincidía con la descripción del delincuente detenido, y a un grupo se le dio la descripción de un delincuente completamente inventado en lugar del real, encontró que el perfil fue calificado con la misma precisión en ambos casos. [ 61 ] [ 21 ]

Hay una falta de evidencia clara y cuantificable de un vínculo entre las acciones en la escena del crimen (A) y las características del delincuente (C), una suposición necesaria del paradigma A a C propuesto por Canter (1995). [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Una revisión de 2002 realizada por Alison et al. concluyó: "La noción de que configuraciones particulares de características demográficas pueden predecirse a partir de una evaluación de configuraciones particulares de comportamientos específicos que ocurren en situaciones de corta duración y altamente traumáticas parece una posibilidad demasiado ambiciosa e improbable. Por lo tanto, hasta que tales procesos inferenciales puedan verificarse de manera confiable, tales afirmaciones deben tratarse con gran cautela en las investigaciones y deben excluirse por completo de la consideración en los tribunales". [ 36 ]

Véase también

Referencias

Notas

  1. 1 2 Skinner, Keith; Evans, Stewart (2013). The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook . Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 978-1-4721-0785-5.
  2. ↑ Fox, Bryanna; Farrington, David P. (diciembre de 2018). "¿Qué hemos aprendido del perfilamiento de delincuentes? Una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de 40 años de investigación". Psychological Bulletin . 144 (12): 1247– 1274. doi : 10.1037/bul0000170 . ISSN 1939-1455 . 
  3. ↑ Turvey, Brent E. (2003). Perfiles criminales: Introducción al análisis de la evidencia conductual (2.ª ed.). Ámsterdam: Acad. Press. ISBN  0-12-705041-8.
  4. ↑ Feldman, Robert S. (1992). Aplicaciones de las teorías y la investigación del comportamiento no verbal . NJ: Hillsdale.
  5. ↑ Woodworth, M.; Porter, S. (1999). "Fundamentos históricos y aplicaciones actuales del perfilamiento criminal en investigaciones de delitos violentos". Expert Evidence . 7 (4): 241– 264. doi : 10.1023/A:1016655103536 . S2CID 40555258 . 
  6. ↑Bourque, J.; LeBlanc, S.; Utzschneider, A.; Wright, C. (2009). The effectiveness of profiling from a national security perspective(PDF). Ottawa: Canadian Human Rights Commission. Archived from the original(PDF) on July 20, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  7. ↑Napp, Mark L.; Hall, Judith A. (2002). Nonverbal communication in human interaction Wadsworth. Thomson learning. ISBN 0-15-506372-3.
  8. ↑Lombroso, C. (1878). . L'uomo delinquente in rapporto all' antropologia, alla giurisprudenza ed alle discipline carcerarie: aggiuntavi La teoria della tutela penale (in Italian). Torino: Bocca.
  9. ↑Richard N. Kocsis, Applied criminal psychology: a guide to forensic behavioral sciences, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 2009, pp.7
  10. ↑"Criminal Profiling: The Original Mind Hunter | Psychology Today United Kingdom". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  11. 12Evans, Stewart P.; Skinner, Keith (July 1, 2013). Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-5381-8.
  12. ↑Canter, David (January 2004). "Offender Profiling and Investigative Psychology". Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. 1: 1–15. doi:10.1002/jip.7.
  13. ↑McLaughlin, Vance (2006). The Postcard Killer: The True Story of America's First Profiled Serial Killer and how the Police Brought Him Down. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 978-1-56025-909-1. Archived from the original on May 22, 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  14. 123Risinger, D. Michael; Loop, Jeffrey L. (2002). "Three Card Monte, Monty Hall, Modus Operandi and 'Offender Profiling': Some Lessons of Modern Cognitive Science for the Law of Evidence". Cardozo Law Review. 24 (195): 193–285. SSRN 1512469.
  15. 1234Egger, Steven A. (1999). "Psychological Profiling". Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 15 (3): 242–261. doi:10.1177/1043986299015003003. ISSN 1043-9862. S2CID 147167123.
  16. ↑Walter, C. L. (1943). A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler. Washington, D.C.: Office of Strategic Services.
  17. ↑Murray, H. A. (1943). Analysis of The Personality of Adolph Hitler / With Predictions of His Future Behavior and Suggestions for Dealing With Him Now and After Germany's Surrender. O.S.S. Confidential.
  18. ↑Wolffram, Heather (January 30, 2020). "Forensic Psychology in Historical Perspective". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.639. ISBN 978-0-19-023655-7. Less well known but perhaps more directly related to the practices that the FBI were later to develop were the efforts of a British forensic psychologist who attempted to establish a means of identifying war criminals in the chaos that followed the liberation of camps like Bergen-Belsen. Tasked with identifying Schutzstaffel (SS) camp officials and guards who had tortured prisoners, and unconvinced that witness testimony alone would suffice to identify perpetrators who had assumed the disguise of ordinary soldiers or airmen, Lionel Haward drew up a list of characteristics that high-ranking Nazi war criminals might display.
  19. ↑Lambert, Laura (October 29, 2019). "George Metesky | American terrorist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  20. ↑Brussel, James (1968). Casebook of a Crime Psychiatrist. Bernard Geis Associates. ISBN 978-0-583-11804-0.
  21. 12345Gladwell, Malcolm (November 12, 2007). "Dangerous Minds". The New Yorker. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
  22. ↑Foster, Donald (2000). Author Unknown: On the Trail of Anonymous.
  23. ↑"Behavioral Research and Instruction Unit". FBI.gov. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on October 10, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  24. 12345Devery, Christopher (2010). "Criminal Profiling and Criminal Investigation". Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 26 (4): 393–409. doi:10.1177/1043986210377108. ISSN 1043-9862. S2CID 144499374.
  25. ↑Osowski, Kaylee (December 11, 2018). "Investigating a Serial Killer: The Development of the FBI's Role Told Through Public Documents". DTTP: Documents to the People. 46 (4): 19–24. doi:10.5860/dttp.v46i4.6892. ISSN 0091-2085.
  26. ↑"Criminal Profilers | Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives". www.atf.gov. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
  27. ↑"Criminal Profiling Part 1 of 7". FBI. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  28. ↑"Critical Incident Response Group". FBI.gov. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  29. ↑Evans, Colin (1998). The Casebook of Forensic Detection. Science. ISBN 978-1-4406-2053-9.
  30. ↑Youngs, Donna; Canter, David (2009). "An emerging research agenda for investigative interviewing: hypotheses from the narrative action system". Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. 6 (2): 91–99. doi:10.1002/jip.105. ISSN 1544-4767.
  31. ↑Berg, B. L. (2008). Criminal investigation. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 978-0-07-340124-9.
  32. 12345Vettor, Shannon; Woodhams, Jessica; Beech, Anthony (2013). "Offender profiling: A review and critique of the approaches and major assumption". Journal of Current Issues in Crime, Law and Law Enforcement. 6 (4): 353–387.
  33. ↑Goodwill, Alasdair M.; Lehmann, Robert J. B.; Beauregard, Eric; Andrei, Andreea (October 1, 2014). "An action phase approach to offender profiling". Legal and Criminological Psychology. 21 (2): 229–250. doi:10.1111/lcrp.12069. ISSN 2044-8333.
  34. 1 2 3 4 Chifflet, Pascale (2014). "Cuestionando la validez del perfilamiento criminal: un enfoque basado en la evidencia". Revista Australiana y Neozelandesa de Criminología . 48 (2): 238– 255. doi : 10.1177/0004865814530732 . ISSN 0004-8658 . S2CID 145585868 .  
  35. 1 2 Jackson, Craig; Wilson, David; Rana, Baljit Kaur (2011). "La utilidad del perfil criminal". Criminal Justice Matters . 84 (1): 6– 7. doi : 10.1080/09627251.2011.576014 . ISSN 0962-7251 . 
  36. 1 2 Alison, Laurence; Bennell, Craig; Mokros, Andreas; Ormerod, David (marzo de 2002). "La paradoja de la personalidad en la elaboración de perfiles de delincuentes: una revisión teórica de los procesos involucrados en la derivación de características de antecedentes a partir de acciones en la escena del crimen" (PDF) . Psicología, Políticas Públicas y Derecho . 8 (1): 115–135 . doi : 10.1037/1076-8971.8.1.115 . S2CID 55905695. Archivado del original (PDF) el 10 de febrero de 2021. 
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Snook, Brent; Cullen, Richard M.; Bennell, Craig; Taylor, Paul J.; Gendreau, Paul (2008). "La ilusión del perfil criminal" (PDF) . Criminal Justice and Behavior . 35 (10): 1257– 1276. doi : 10.1177/0093854808321528 . ISSN 0093-8548 . S2CID 55872956 .  
  38. 1 2 3 4 Eastwood, Joseph; Cullen, Richard M; Kavanagh, Jennifer; Snook, Brent (2006). "Una revisión de la validez del perfil criminal" (PDF) . Revista canadiense de servicios policiales y de seguridad . 4 : 118–124 . Archivado del original (PDF) el 25 de octubre de 2017. Recuperado el 4 de marzo de 2018 .
  39. 1 2 3 4 Snook, Brent; Eastwood, Joseph; Gendreau, Paul; Goggin, Claire; Cullen, Richard M. (2007). "Taking Stock of Criminal Profiling" (PDF) . Criminal Justice and Behavior . 34 (4): 437– 453. doi : 10.1177/0093854806296925 . ISSN 0093-8548 . S2CID 17166514. Archivado del original (PDF) el 19 de febrero de 2019.  
  40. ↑ Mokros, Andreas; Alison, Laurence J. (febrero de 2002). "¿Es posible la elaboración de perfiles de delincuentes? Prueba de la homología prevista de las acciones en la escena del crimen y las características de antecedentes en una muestra de violadores". Psicología jurídica y criminológica . 7 (1): 25– 43. doi : 10.1348/135532502168360 . ISSN 1355-3259 . 
  41. ↑ Fox, Bryanna; Farrington, David P. (diciembre de 2018). "¿Qué hemos aprendido del perfilamiento de delincuentes? Una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de 40 años de investigación". Psychological Bulletin . 144 (12): 1247– 1274. doi : 10.1037/bul0000170 . ISSN 1939-1455 . PMID 30475018. S2CID 53746560 .   
  42. ↑ Ribeiro, Rita Alexandra Brilha; Soeiro, Cristina Branca Bento de Matos (enero de 2021). "Análisis de la validez del perfil criminal: problemas subyacentes y direcciones futuras". Revista Internacional de Derecho y Psiquiatría . 74 101670. doi : 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101670 . ISSN 0160-2527 . PMID 33341721. S2CID 229343858 .   
  43. 1 2 Snook, Brent; Cullen, Richard M.; Bennell, Craig; Taylor, Paul J.; Gendreau, Paul (octubre de 2008). "La ilusión del perfil criminal" (PDF) . Criminal Justice and Behavior . 35 (10): 1257– 1276. doi : 10.1177/0093854808321528 . ISSN 0093-8548 . S2CID 55872956 .  
  44. 1 2 3 4 Snook, Brent; Gendreau, Paul; Bennell, Craig; Taylor, Paul (2008). "Perfil criminal". Skeptic . 14 : 42–47 , 80.
  45. 1 2 3 4 Kocsis, Richard N. (junio de 2004). "Perfil psicológico de delitos de incendio provocado en serie: una evaluación de habilidades y precisión". Criminal Justice and Behavior . 31 (3): 341– 361. doi : 10.1177/0093854803262586 . ISSN 0093-8548 . S2CID 146215192 .  
  46. 1 2 Smith, M., & Alison, L. (2001, marzo). Efectos Barnum en los perfiles de delincuentes. Ponencia presentada en la Quinta Conferencia Bianual de Psicología de la Investigación, Universidad de Liverpool, Liverpool, Reino Unido.
  47. ↑ Kocsis, Richard N. (abril de 2003). "Perfil psicológico criminal: validez y capacidades". Revista internacional de terapia de delincuentes y criminología comparada . 47 (2): 126– 144. doi : 10.1177/0306624x03251092 . ISSN 0306-624X . PMID 12710360. S2CID 37863421 .   
  48. ↑ Kocsis, Richard N.; Hayes, Andrew F. (abril de 2004). "¿Creer es ver? Investigación de la precisión percibida de los perfiles psicológicos criminales". Revista internacional de terapia de delincuentes y criminología comparada . 48 (2): 149– 160. doi : 10.1177/0306624x03258481 . ISSN 0306-624X . PMID 15070463. S2CID 41652128 .   
  49. ↑ ("Depredadores seriales organizados vs. desorganizados", https://www.psychologytoday Archivado el 20 de julio de 2013 en Wayback Machine )
  50. ↑ Turvey, Brent E. (2012), "Introducción al análisis de la evidencia conductual" , Perfiles criminales , Elsevier, págs. 121–140 , ISBN  978-0-12-385243-4Consultado el 9 de abril de 2025.
  51. ↑ Muller, Damon A. (2000). "Perfil criminal: ¿Ciencia real o simple ilusión?". Homicide Studies . 4 (3): 234– 264. doi : 10.1177/1088767900004003003 . ISSN 1088-7679 . S2CID 145326921 .  
  52. ↑ Ainsworth, Peter (2001). Perfilación de delincuentes y análisis del delito . Devon Portland, Or: Willan. ISBN 978-1-903240-21-2.
  53. ↑Quoted by Simmons, A. (2015). "What is Offender Profiling"(PDF). Handout from Psychlotron.org.uk. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  54. ↑Fulero, Solomon; Wrightsman, Lawrence (2008). Forensic Psychology. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-111-80495-4.
  55. 12Labuschagne, Gérard N. (October 1, 2006). "The use of a linkage analysis as evidence in the conviction of the Newcastle serial murderer, South Africa". Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. 3 (3): 183–191. doi:10.1002/jip.51. ISSN 1544-4767.
  56. ↑("Behavioral Analysts", https://www.fbi.gov)
  57. ↑"'Mindhunter' Inspiration Revisits Atlanta Child Murders". Newsweek. August 2, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  58. ↑Werner, Ashley (July 31, 2022). "Book Review: John Douglas and Mark Olshaker, Mindhunter: Inside the FBI's Elite Serial Crime Unit. New York, NY: Pocket Books. 1995". Theory in Action. 15 (3): 88–93. doi:10.3798/tia.1937-0237.2220. ISSN 1937-0229.
  59. ↑Pinizzotto, Anthony J.; Finkel, Norman J. (1990). "Criminal personality profiling: An outcome and process study". Law and Human Behavior. 14 (3): 215–233. doi:10.1007/BF01352750. ISSN 1573-661X. S2CID 150248646.
  60. ↑Kocsis, Richard N.; Irwin, Harvey J.; Hayes, Andrew F.; Nunn, Ronald (March 1, 2000). "Expertise in Psychological Profiling A Comparative Assessment". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 15 (3): 311–331. doi:10.1177/088626000015003006. ISSN 0886-2605. S2CID 145099817.
  61. 1 2 Alison, Laurence; Smith, Matthew D.; Morgan, Keith (2003). "Interpretación de la precisión de los perfiles de delincuentes". Psicología, Crimen y Derecho . 9 (2): 185– 195. doi : 10.1080/1068316031000116274 . ISSN 1068-316X . S2CID 143619845 .  
  62. ↑ Canter, David; Youngs, Donna (2003). «Más allá de la "elaboración de perfiles de delincuentes": la necesidad de una psicología de la investigación» . En Bull, R.; Carson, D. (eds.). Manual de psicología en contextos jurídicos . Chichester, Reino Unido: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 171–205 . doi : 10.1002/0470013397.ch7 . ISBN  978-0-471-49874-2. Consultado el 7 de diciembre de 2015 .
  63. ↑ Canter, DV (1995). «La psicología de la elaboración de perfiles de delincuentes». En Bull, R.; Carson, D. (eds.). Manual de psicología en contextos legales . Chichester; Nueva York: J. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-94182-8.

Bibliografía

  • Alison, Laurence; Rainbow, Lee (2011). Profesionalización de la elaboración de perfiles de delincuentes: Psicología forense e investigativa en la práctica . Nueva York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-66878-1.
  • Canter, David; Youngs, Donna (2008). Principios de la elaboración de perfiles geográficos de delincuentes . Nueva York: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-754-62549-0
  • Douglas, John; Olshaker, Mark (1997). Viaje a la oscuridad: El principal investigador del FBI penetra en las mentes y los motivos de los asesinos en serie más aterradores . Londres: Arrow Books. ISBN 978-1-439-19981-7
  • Evans, Colin (1996). The Casebook of Forensic Detection: How Science Solved 100 of the World's Most Baffling Crimes . Nueva York: John Wiley & Sons Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-07650-6.
  • Jeffers, H. Paul (1991). Perfiles del mal: escalofriantes casos de la Unidad de Delitos Violentos del FBI . Londres: Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-708-85449-5.
  • Ressler, Robert; Schachtman, Tom (1992). Quien lucha contra los monstruos: La verdadera historia del brillante detective del FBI detrás de El silencio de los corderos . Nueva York: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-671-71561-8.

Lecturas adicionales

  • Turvey, Brent E. (2022). Perfiles criminales: Introducción al análisis de la evidencia conductual (5.ª  ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 9780128155837.
  • Grupo de Investigación y Análisis de Investigaciones Criminales (CiR&A): Investigación actual sobre prácticas de investigación conductual basadas en la evidencia en investigaciones policiales.
  • Sitio web suizo de investigación científica sobre perfiles criminales.
  • Psicología forense de la Universidad de Liverpool – con artículos
  • Historia de la elaboración de perfiles criminales – con enlaces a otros sitios
  • Elaboración de perfiles de delincuentes: Introducción al análisis sociopsicológico de los delitos violentos.
  • Mentes peligrosas: Elaboración de perfiles criminales de forma sencilla, por Malcolm Gladwell.
Obtenido de " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Offender_profiling&oldid=1361944589 "