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Kabar

Los Kabars ( griego : Κάβαροι ), también conocidos como Qavars (Qabars) [ 1 ] o Khavars , [ 2 ] fueron rebeldes jázaros que se unieron a las tribus magiares y a las confederacio...

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Los Kabars ( griego : Κάβαροι ), también conocidos como Qavars (Qabars) [ 1 ] o Khavars , [ 2 ] fueron rebeldes jázaros que se unieron a las tribus magiares y a las confederaciones del Kaganato de Rus en el siglo IX d.C.

Fuentes

El emperador bizantino Constantino VII es la principal fuente de la historia de los Kabar. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Dedicó un capítulo entero —el capítulo 39— a los Kabar (o Kabaroi ) en su obra De Administrando Imperio , [ 4 ] que se completó alrededor del año 950. El emperador describió a los Kabar como «una raza de jázaros» que se habían alzado contra el Khagan. [ 4 ] Cuando la rebelión fue sofocada, algunos de ellos fueron masacrados, pero otros escaparon y se unieron a los magiares en las estepas pónticas . [ 4 ]

Historia

Los Kabars se rebelaron contra el Kaganato jázaro a principios del siglo IX; la rebelión fue lo suficientemente notable como para ser descrita en la obra De Administrando Imperio de Constantino Porfirogénito . Posteriormente, los Kabars fueron expulsados ​​de Levedia en el Kaganato jázaro, llevando a la confederación tribal magiar llamada Hét-Magyar (que significa "siete húngaros") a Etelköz, mientras que otros, bajo el mando del kan-tuvano, buscaron refugio uniéndose al pueblo rus . [ 5 ] Uno de los nombres en la Carta de Kiev es "Kiabar", lo que demuestra que algunos Kabars también se establecieron en Kiev con los rus. Según Magocsi, «Durante la década de 820 tuvo lugar una violenta guerra civil [...] Los perdedores de la lucha política interna, conocidos como Kabars, huyeron hacia el norte, a la Rus' varega en la región del alto Volga , cerca de Rostov , y hacia el sur, a los magiares , que anteriormente habían sido vasallos leales de los jázaros . La presencia de refugiados políticos Kabars procedentes de Jazaria entre los comerciantes varegos de Rostov contribuyó a elevar el prestigio de estos últimos, de modo que, hacia la década de 830, surgió un nuevo centro de poder conocido como el Kaganato de la Rus'». [ 6 ]

In 894, the Byzantine emperor Leo VI, then at war with Simeon, the Bulgarianczar (893–927), called the Hungarians to his aid. The Magyars, led by Árpád, crossed the Danube and attacked Bulgaria. The Bulgarians, in turn, appealed to the Pechenegs, now masters of the steppe, who attacked the Hungarians in the rear. Toward 850 or 860, driven from Levedia by the Pechenegs, they entered Atelkuzu (Etelköz) taking refuge in the mountains of Transylvania. At that moment, Arnulf, duke of Carinthia, at war with the Slav ruler Svatopluk, prince of Great Moravia (885–894), decided like the Byzantines to appeal to the Hungarians. The Hungarians overcame Svatopluk, who disappeared in the conflict (895). The Magyars reached the Danube river basin around 880. As the vanguard and rearguard, the Kabars, or Cowari as they were known in Latin, assisted in the Magyar invasion of Pannonia and the subsequent formation of the Principality of Hungary in the late 9th century.[7] Great Moravia collapsed, and the Hungarians took up permanent abode in Hungary (907).

The presence of a Turkic aristocracy among the Hungarians could explain the Byzantine protocol by which, in the exchange of ambassadors under Constantine Porphyrogenitus, Hungarian rulers were always referred to as "Princes of the Turks".[8]

Archaeological theories on religion

At least some of the Khazar elite apparently converted to Judaism,[9] but this might not have included Kabars.[10][11] The conversion did not seem to have impacted most of the population in the Khazar Khaganate: paganism remained as the religion of the majority of the population, and there were also notable Christian and Muslim groups.[9] Since the conversion to Judaism was initiated by the ruler, the theory that the rebels against the ruler would have joined to the conversion has been questioned. There is also debate about the date of Kabars joining to Magyars and it could have happened before the Khazar elite's conversion.[10] Still, according to a theory, graves with Jewish symbols found in modern-day Čelarevo, Serbia could be related to Kabars.[11]

The Kabars supposedly left scattered remains and some cultural and linguistic imprints, but this is debatable.

See also

References

  • Róna-Tas, András (1996): A honfoglaló magyar nép. Bevezetés a korai magyar történelem ismeretébe [The conquering Hungarian nation. Introduction to the knowledge of the early Hungarian history]. Budapest: Balassi Kiadó, ISBN 963-506-106-4
  • Khavars in the Rovaspedia
  • Media Cirebon

Notes

  1. ↑The Qavars (Qabars) and their Role in the Hungarian Tribal Federation by Sándor László Tóth
  2. ↑According to the Turcologist András Róna-Tas, the name Kabar is faulty, the right pronunciation is Khavar. Róna-Tas, András (1996a): A honfoglaló magyar nép. Bevezetés a korai magyar történelem ismeretébe [The conquering Hungarian nation. Introduction to the knowledge of the early Hungarian history]. Budapest: Balassi Kiadó, p. 273
  3. ↑Golden 1980, pp. 134–135.
  4. 1234Kristó 1996, p. 149.
  5. ↑Pritsak, Origins of Rus' 1:28, 171, 182.
  6. ↑""A violent civil war took place during the 820s [...] The losers of the internal political struggle, known as Kabars, fled northward to the Varangian Rus' in the upper Volga region, near Rostov, and southward to the Magyars, who formerly had been loyal vassals of the Khazars. The presence of Kabar political refugees from Khazaria among the Varangian traders in Rostov helped to raise the latter's prestige, with the consequence that by the 830s a new power center known as the Rus' Kaganate had come into existence."Magocsi, Paul Robert (2010). A History of Ukraine: A Land and Its Peoples. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 62.
  7. ↑Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank, A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994 page 11.
  8. ↑René Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes, p.178. Rutgers University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9
  9. 12Prieto-Domínguez, Óscar: Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism, in Curta, Florin & Holt, Andrew (eds.): Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History. ABC-CLIO, 2016.
  10. 12Berend, Nora: At the Gate of Christendom, p. 60–61. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
  11. 1 2 Golden, Peter B. El mundo de los jázaros: nuevas perspectivas, pág. 33, 150. Brill, 2007.

Fuentes

  • Golden, Peter B. (1980). Estudios jázaros: Una investigación histórico-filológica sobre los orígenes de los jázaros, Volumen 1. Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-1549-0.
  • Kristó, Gyula (1996). Historia de Hungría en el siglo IX . Szegedi Középkorász Muhely. ISBN 963-482-113-8.
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