Articulo de referencia

Fir

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Firs are evergreenconiferous trees belonging to the genusAbies (Latin:[ˈabieːs]) in the family Pinaceae. There are approximately 48–65[2][3] extant species, found on mountains throughout much of North and Central America, Eurasia, and North Africa. The genus is most closely related to Keteleeria, a small genus confined to eastern Asia.[4]

They are tall trees that can be distinguished from other members of the pine family by the way in which their needle-like leaves are attached singly to the branches with a circular base, and by their cones, which, like those of cedars, stand upright on the branches like candles and disintegrate at maturity.

The wood of firs is used for pulp to make paper, for plywood, and for indoor construction. Some species serve as Christmas trees, while others are used as decorative trees with their brightly coloured cones. In art, Lucas Cranach the Elder painted Madonna under the fir tree for Wrocław Cathedral in 1510.

Etymology

The English name "fir" derives from the Old Norse fyri or the Old Danish fyr.[5] The generic name Abies is the Latin for "fir".[6]

Description

Fir trees are tall, often 40–60 metres and sometimes approaching 100 metres high, usually with a single straight trunk. The crown starts conical, but becomes more varied in shape with age. The primary branches are arranged in whorls around the trunk.[7]

Leaves

Los abetos tienen hojas aciculares , dispuestas en espiral, pero a menudo parecen estar en dos o más filas en lados opuestos de las ramitas. La base de cada hoja es redonda y se inserta en una pequeña cavidad de la ramita. Normalmente, cada hoja está retorcida en su base, de modo que el lado con estomas mira hacia abajo. [ 7 ] En la copa superior de las ramas coníferas, las hojas son más cortas, curvas y, a veces, puntiagudas. [ 8 ]

Conos

Los abetos se diferencian de otras coníferas, como los piceas , por tener conos femeninos erectos y cilíndricos de 5 a 25 cm de largo que se desintegran al madurar para liberar las semillas aladas . Los conos tardan un año en madurar; inicialmente son verdes u de otro color brillante, oscureciéndose a medida que se desarrollan hasta volverse marrón oscuro o negro. Las brácteas seminales, con forma de hoja , son visibles cuando son jóvenes y, en algunas especies, permanecen así. Las semillas se encuentran en copas delgadas; cada semilla tiene un ala triangular. Los conos masculinos son péndulos (colgantes) y se asemejan a amentos ; tanto el polen como las semillas se dispersan por el viento. [ 7 ]  

Evolución

Historia de los fósiles

Follaje y eje fósil de Abies milleri . Eoceno temprano , hace 49,5 millones de años.

El polen más antiguo atribuible al género data del Cretácico Superior en Siberia , con registros de hojas y órganos reproductivos en todo el hemisferio norte desde el Eoceno en adelante. [ 9 ]

filogenia externa

Based on transcriptome analysis, Keteleeria is sister to Abies, with the Pseudolariceae the next nearest relatives.[10]

Internal phylogeny

Phylogeny of Abies based on phylogenomic analysis in 2021:[11][12]

Taxonomy

Taxonomic history

In 1754, Philip Miller set up the genus Abies; he also defined the type species Abies alba.[13][14] In 1878, George Engelmann classified only a part of the genus;[13]Heinrich Mayr did the same in 1890,[13][15] as did the German botanist Wilhelm Patschke in 1913.[13] The classifications by Paul Robert Hickel in 1906 to 1908,[13][16] and by P. Landry in 1984,[13][17] made use only of a subset of the available morphological characteristics.[13] In 1990 and 2001, the Dutch botanist Aljos Farjon attempted a more complete classification; he accepted 48 species within the genus; in 2017 he reduced this to 46. Adopting a different approach, in 2011 Z. Debreczy and I. Rácz treated the genus as containing 67 species.[7]

Species

As of September 2025, Plants of the World Online accepted 49 species.[18] The sections are based on Stull et al. 2021.[11]

Section Abies is found in central, south, and eastern Europe and Asia Minor.

Section Balsamea is found in northern Asia and North America, and high mountains further south.

La sección Grandis se encuentra en el oeste de Norteamérica, en México, Guatemala, Honduras y El Salvador, en tierras bajas en el norte y en altitudes moderadas en el sur.

  • Abies grandis - gran abeto o abeto gigante
    • Abies grandis var. grandis - Gran abeto costero
    • Abies grandis var. idahoensis - gran abeto interior
  • Abies concolor – abeto blanco
    • Abies concolor subsp. concolor – Abeto blanco de las Montañas Rocosas o Abeto blanco de Colorado
    • Abies concolor subsp. lowiana – Abeto blanco de Low o abeto blanco de Sierra Nevada
  • Abies durangensis – Abeto de Durango
    • Abies durangensis var. coahuilensis - abeto de Coahuila
  • Abies flinckii – Abeto de Jalisco
  • Abies guatemalensis – abeto guatemalteco
    • Abies guatemalensis var. guatemalensis
    • Abies guatemalensis var. jaliscana
  • Abies vejarii

La sección Momi se encuentra en el este y centro de Asia y en el Himalaya, generalmente a altitudes bajas o moderadas.

La sección Amabilis se encuentra en las montañas de la costa del Pacífico de América del Norte y Japón, en zonas de alta pluviosidad.

A. fabri, Sichuan, China

Section Pseudopicea is found in the Sino – Himalayan mountains at high altitudes.

Section Oiamel is found in central Mexico at high altitudes.

A. magnifica, California

Section Nobilis (western U.S., high altitudes)

Section Bracteata (California coast)

Section Incertae sedis

Ecology

Distribution and habitat

Firs are distributed around the Northern Hemisphere. The genus is native across much of North America, Eurasia, Turkey, Syria, Morocco, and Algeria. It is introduced in Scandinavia and the British Isles.[21]Abies sibirica grows as far north as 67°N in Siberia, while A. guatemalensis grows as far south as 15°N in Central America. Most firs favour cold climates, whether at altitude in mountain ranges or at high latitude. Many species have relict distributions, occupying small areas of what were once much larger distributions. Only a few species are widespread.[7]

Abies religiosa (sacred fir) trees give roosting shelter to overwintering monarch butterflies.[22][23]

Pests and diseases

Firs are hosts to a variety of invertebrate pests and fungal diseases. Pest groups include adelgid bugs, aphids, bark beetles, clearwing moths, conifer twig weevils, caterpillars of some moths, nematodes, sawflies, spider mites, and spittlebugs. Diseases of firs include annosus (Heterobasidion) root rot, cankers, and needle cast.[24]

Uses

Unlike the Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga), firs produce softwood, often used as pulp or for the manufacture of plywood and rough timber. It is commonly used in Canadian Lumber Standard graded wood, used for internal stud walls and similar applications.[25]Abies spectabilis is used in Ayurveda as an antitussive (cough suppressant) drug.[26] Firs produce a variety of terpenoids that could have practical uses. Terpenoid composition of the bark varies by genetics, geography, age and size of the tree.[27][28]

Caucasian fir, noble fir, Fraser's fir and balsam fir are popular Christmas trees, generally considered to be the best for this purpose, with aromatic foliage that does not shed many needles on drying out. Many form decorative garden trees, notably Korean fir and Fraser's fir, which produce brightly coloured cones even when very young, still only 1–2 m (3 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in) tall. Many fir species are grown in botanic gardens and other specialist tree collections in Europe and North America.[29]

In art

Lucas Cranach the Elder painted Madonna under the fir tree for Wrocław Cathedral in 1510.[30] The painting was taken to Germany after the Second World War for restoration, but a copy was made and substituted for the original. The forgery was discovered, partly because the copy was on a fir board where the original was on lime wood. The original was returned to Poland in 2012, the most valuable painting to be restituted to the country.[31]

See also

References

  1. 12Schorn, Howard; Wehr, Wesley (1986). "Abies milleri, sp. nov., from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain Formation, Republic, Ferry County, Washington". Burke Museum Contributions in Anthropology and Natural History. 1: 1–7.
  2. Torres, Leon Nahuel; Shi, Xiao; Na, Yuling; Wang, Bing; Tian, Chi; Chen, Jun (2024-03-01). "First study on fossil wood from the Middle Pleistocene of the Songliao Plain, Northeast China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 322 105063. Bibcode:2024RPaPa.32205063T. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2024.105063. ISSN 0034-6667.
  3. Debreczy, Zsolt; Rácz, István; Musial, Kathy (2011). Conifers Around the World : Conifers of the Temperate Zones and Adjacent Regions. Budapest: DendroPress. ISBN 978-9632190617.
  4. Leslie, Andrew B.; et al. (2018). "ajb21143-sup-0004-AppendixS4" (PDF) . American Journal of Botany . 105 (9): 1531– 1544. doi : 10.1002/ajb2.1143 . PMID 30157290 .  
  5. "abeto" . Diccionario etimológico en línea . Archivado del original el 8 de agosto de 2021. Consultado el 1 de octubre de 2020 .
  6. «Abies, sust. masc» . Centro nacional de recursos textuelles y léxicos . Consultado el 8 de septiembre de 2025 .
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "Abies Mill" . Sociedad Internacional de Dendrología . Consultado el 8 de septiembre de 2025 .
  8. Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Árboles del noroeste: Identificación y comprensión de los árboles nativos de la región ( ed. guía de campo). Seattle: Mountaineers Books . pág. 125. ISBN   978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469 . Archivado del original el 19-09-2023 . Consultado el 26-02-2022 . 
  9. Xiang, Xiaoguo; Cao, Ming; Zhou, Zhekun (octubre de 2007). "Historia fósil y distribución moderna del género Abies (Pinaceae)" . Fronteras de la Silvicultura en China . 2 (4): 355– 365. doi : 10.1007/s11461-007-0058-4 . Archivado del original el 1 de enero de 2024. Recuperado el 15 de febrero de 2023 .
  10. Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; et al. (19 de julio de 2021). "Las duplicaciones genéticas y el conflicto filogenómico subyacen a los principales pulsos de evolución fenotípica en las gimnospermas" . Nature Plants . 7 (8): 1015– 1025. Bibcode : 2021NatPl...7.1015S . doi : 10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4 . PMID 34282286. S2CID 236141481 .   
  11. 12Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; et al. (2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. Bibcode:2021NatPl...7.1015S. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.03.13.435279. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. PMID 34282286. S2CID 232282918.
  12. Stull, Gregory W.; et al. (2021). "main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre". Figshare. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1. Archived from the original on 2024-01-01. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
  13. 1234567Farjon, Aljos; Rushworth, K. D. (1989). "A Classification of Abies Miller (Pinaceae)"(PDF). Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 46 (1): 59–79. doi:10.24823/nrbge.1989.3565.
  14. Miller, Philip (1754). The Gardener's Dictionary. Vol. 1 (4th, abridged ed.).
  15. Mayr, Heinrich (1890). Monographie der Abielineen des Japanischen Reiches. Munchen.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. Hickel, Robert (1906-08). Notes pour servir ä la determination pratique des Abietinees. Bull. Soc. Dendrol. France 2: 45 58, f. I 7(15 xi 1906); 3; 5 18, f. 8 30 (15 ii 1907); 4: 41 48, f. 31 46(15v 1907); 5: 82 86(15 viii 1907); 7:5-10, f. a 1 (15 ii 1908); 9; 179-185 (15 viii 1908); 10: 201 208 (15 xi 1908).
  17. Landry, Pierre (1984). "Synopsis du genre Abies". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Lettres Botaniques (in French). 131 (3): 223–229. Bibcode:1984BSBFL.131..223L. doi:10.1080/01811797.1984.10824633.
  18. "Abies Mill. Accepted Species". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 September 2025.
  19. Knowlton, F.H. (1923). Fossil plants from the Tertiary lake beds of South-Сentral Colorado (Report). Professional Paper. Vol. 131-G. United States Geological Survey. pp. 183–197. doi:10.3133/pp131G.
  20. Wolfe, J.A.; Schorn, H.E. (1990). Taxonomic revision of the Spermatopsida of the Oligocene Creede flora, southern Colorado (Report). Bulletin. Vol. 1923. United States Geological Survey. pp. 1–40. doi:10.3133/b1923.
  21. "Abies Mill. Distribution". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 September 2025.
  22. Groth, Jacob (10 November 2000). "Monarch Migration Study". Swallowtail Farms. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  23. "Monarch Migration". Monarch Joint Venture. 2013. Archived from the original on 2017-10-31. Retrieved 2017-10-25.
  24. "Pests in Gardens and Landscapes". University of California Agriculture & Natural Resources: Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program. Retrieved 10 September 2025.
  25. Jenkins, Steve (2023-09-03). "What is CLS timber and what DIY projects is it good for?". Homebuilding & Renovating. Retrieved 2024-08-22.
  26. Kershaw, Linda (2000). Edible and Medicinal Plants of the Rockies. Edmonton, Alberta: Lone Pine Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-55105-229-8.
  27. Hemingway, R. W. (2018-01-18). "Bark: Its Chemistry and Prospects for Chemical Utilization". Organic Chemicals from Biomass. CRC Press. pp. 189–248. ISBN 978-1-351-07525-1.
  28. Barton, George M. (2018-01-18). "Foliage". Organic Chemicals from Biomass. CRC Press. pp. 249–280. ISBN 978-1-351-07525-1.
  29. Christian, T. (2021). "Abies". Trees and Shrubs Online. Archived from the original on 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
  30. ""Madonna under the Fir Tree" by Lucas Cranach the Elder". National Museum in Wrocław. 22 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2025.
  31. "La Virgen bajo el abeto" . Ruta de los templos marianos . Consultado el 9 de septiembre de 2025 .

Lecturas adicionales

  • Philips, Roger. Árboles de Norteamérica y Europa , Random House , Nueva York ISBN 0-394-50259-0, 1979.
  • Abies en la base de datos de gimnospermas
  • Abies del sitio web Árboles y arbustos en línea
  • COLECCIÓN DE PIÑONES DE MICHAEL P. FRANKIS: Abies en el Arboretum de Villardebelle: imágenes de piones de especies seleccionadas.
  • Platt, Karen "Gold Fever" proporciona descripciones de cultivares de Abies de hojas doradas o amarillas.
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