Hispanopedia WikiThe Calles Law (Spanish: Ley Calles), or Law for Reforming the Penal Code (ley de tolerancia de cultos, "law of worship tolerance"), was a statute enacted in Mexico in 1926, under the presidency of Plutarco Elías Calles,[1] to enforce restrictions against the Catholic Church in Article 130 of the Mexican Constitution of 1917. Article 130 declared that the church and state are to remain separate. To that end, it required all "churches and religious groupings" to register with the state and placed restrictions on priests and ministers of all religions. Priests and ministers were prohibited from holding public office, canvassing on behalf of political parties or candidates, or inheriting property from persons other than close blood relatives. President Calles applied existing laws regarding the separation of church and state throughout Mexico and added his own legislation.[2]
In June 1926, he signed the "Law for Reforming the Penal Code", which became known unofficially as the "Calles Law." This law provided specific penalties for priests and individuals who violated Article 130 of the 1917 Constitution. For example, wearing clerical garb in public was punishable by a fine of 500 pesos (approximately 250 U.S. dollars at the time, or worth $4,250 in 2010). A priest who criticized the government could be imprisoned up to five years.[3] Some states enacted further measures in the name of church and state separation. Chihuahua, for example, enacted a law permitting only a single priest to serve the entire Catholic congregation of the state.[4]Tabasco, on the other hand, introduced a law whereby all priests were required to be married to exercise their office (de facto banning the Catholic priesthood).[5] To help enforce the law, Calles seized Church properties, expelled foreign priests, and closed monasteries, convents, and religious schools.[6]
La Iglesia vio la ley como una trampa para someterla a un estado tiránico. [ 7 ] Una consecuencia de la Ley Calles fue la Guerra Cristera , un levantamiento popular de campesinos católicos en regiones del centro de México contra el gobierno federal mexicano. Entre 1926 y 1934, al menos 40 sacerdotes fueron asesinados durante la guerra. [ 8 ] Mientras que México tenía unos 4500 sacerdotes católicos antes de la Guerra Cristera, para 1934 solo 334 sacerdotes católicos estaban autorizados por el gobierno para servir a los 15 millones de habitantes de México. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Para 1935, 17 estados se quedaron sin ningún sacerdote. [ 6 ] Bajo el presidente Lázaro Cárdenas , la Ley Calles fue derogada en 1938. [ 10 ]
Véase también
Referencias
- ↑ Gonzales, Michael J., La Revolución Mexicana, 1910–1940 , pág. 203, UNM Press, 2002
- ↑ Warnock, John W. El otro México: El triángulo norteamericano completado, pág. 27 (1995 Black Rose Books, Ltd); ISBN 978-1-55164-028-0
- ↑ Tuck, Jim LA REBELIÓN CRISTERO - PARTE 1 Mexico Connect 1996
- ↑ Biblioteca del Congreso de los Estados Unidos, "Estudios sobre países", México, Religión
- ↑ Gloria M, Delgado de Cantú (2004). Historia de México: legado histórico y pasado reciente (en español). México: Pearson Educación. pag. 342.ISBN 970-26-0523-7.
- 1 2 Warnock, John W. El otro México: El triángulo norteamericano completado pág. 27 (1995 Black Rose Books, Ltd) ISBN 1-55164-028-7
- ↑ Jean A. Meyer (18 de diciembre de 2008). La rebelión cristera: El pueblo mexicano entre la Iglesia y el Estado 1926–1929 . Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–. ISBN 978-1-107-26809-8.
- 1 2 Van Hove, Brian Altares empapados de sangre Fe y razón 1994
- ^ Scheina, Robert L. Las guerras de América Latina: la era del Caudillo, 1791–1899 p. 33 (2003 Brassey) ISBN 1-57488-452-2
- ↑ Time , lunes 26 de diciembre de 1938, "Religión: ¿Dónde está Él?"
- El anticlericalismo en México
- Guerra Cristera
- Ley de México
- Persecución de los cristianos