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Autohipnosis

La autohipnosis (a diferencia de la heterohipnosis) es una forma, un proceso o el resultado de un estado hipnótico autoinducido. [ 1 ] Con frecuencia, la autohipnosis se utiliza...

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La autohipnosis (a diferencia de la heterohipnosis) es una forma, un proceso o el resultado de un estado hipnótico autoinducido. [ 1 ]

Con frecuencia, la autohipnosis se utiliza como vehículo para mejorar la eficacia de la autosugestión ; y, en tales casos, el sujeto "desempeña el doble papel de sugestor y sugerido". [ 2 ]

La naturaleza de la práctica autosugestiva puede ser, en un extremo, " concentrativa ", en la que "toda la atención se centra tan totalmente en (las palabras de la fórmula autosugestiva, por ejemplo, "Cada día, en todos los sentidos, estoy mejorando cada vez más") que todo lo demás se mantiene fuera de la conciencia" y, en el otro, " inclusiva ", en la que los sujetos "permiten que todo tipo de pensamientos, emociones, recuerdos y similares fluyan hacia su conciencia". [ 3 ]

Distinciones tipológicas

A partir de sus extensas investigaciones, Erika Fromm y Stephen Kahn (1990) identificaron diferencias significativas y distintivas entre la aplicación de la amplia variedad de prácticas que se encuentran dentro del dominio comúnmente, equívoca y ambiguamente identificado como "autohipnosis". [ 4 ] Con base en sus distinciones, las prácticas de "autohipnosis" se pueden separar en, al menos, trece tipos diferentes: [ 5 ]

Historia

James Braid

El término inglés "hipnotismo" fue introducido en 1841 por el médico y cirujano escocés James Braid . [ 8 ] Según Braid, empleó por primera vez el "autohipnotismo" (como lo denomina en otros lugares) dos años después de descubrir el hipnotismo, enseñándolo primero a sus clientes antes de emplearlo en sí mismo: [ 9 ]

Mis primeros experimentos sobre este tema [es decir, la autohipnosis] se llevaron a cabo en presencia de algunos amigos el 1 de mayo de 1843 y los días siguientes. Creo que fueron los primeros experimentos de este tipo que se habían intentado, y han tenido éxito en todos los casos en los que los he realizado.

In a later work, Observations on Trance or Human Hybernation (1850), Braid provides probably the first account of self-hypnosis:[10]

It is commonly said that seeing is believing, but feeling is the very truth. I shall, therefore, give the result of my experience of hypnotism in my own person. In the middle of September, 1844, I suffered from a most severe attack of rheumatism, implicating the left side of the neck and chest, and the left arm. At first the pain was moderately severe, and I took some medicine to remove it; but, instead of this, it became more and more violent, and had tormented me for three days, and was so excruciating, that it entirely deprived me of sleep for three nights successively, and on the last of the three nights I could not remain in any one posture for five minutes, from the severity of the pain. On the forenoon of the next day, whilst visiting my patients, every jolt of the carriage I could only compare to several sharp instruments being thrust through my shoulder, neck, and chest. A full inspiration was attended with stabbing pain, such as is experienced in pleurisy. When I returned home for dinner I could neither turn my head, lift my arm, nor draw a breath, without suffering extreme pain. In this condition I resolved to try the effects of hypnotism. I requested two friends, who were present, and who both understood the system, to watch the effects, and arouse me when I had passed sufficiently into the condition; and, with their assurance that they would give strict attention to their charge, I sat down and hypnotised myself, extending the extremities. At the expiration of nine minutes they aroused me, and, to my agreeable surprise, I was quite free from pain, being able to move in any way with perfect ease. I say agreeably surprised, on this account; I had seen like results with many patients; but it is one thing to hear of pain, and another to feel it. My suffering was so exquisite that I could not imagine anyone else ever suffered so intensely as myself on that occasion; and, therefore, I merely expected a mitigation, so that I was truly agreeably surprised to find myself quite free from pain. I continued quite easy all the afternoon, slept comfortably all night, and the following morning felt a little stiffness, but no pain. A week thereafter I had a slight return, which I removed by hypnotising myself once more; and I have remained quite free from rheumatism ever since, now nearly six years.

Émile Coué

Émile Coué fue una de las figuras más influyentes en el desarrollo posterior de la autohipnosis. [ 11 ] Su método de "autosugestión consciente" se convirtió en un sistema de autoayuda de renombre internacional a principios del siglo XX. Aunque Coué se distanció del concepto de "hipnosis", a veces se refería a lo que hacía como autohipnosis, al igual que sus seguidores, como Charles Baudouin . Los hipnoterapeutas modernos consideran a Coué como parte de su propio campo.

entrenamiento autógeno

El entrenamiento autógeno es una técnica de relajación desarrollada por el psiquiatra alemán Johannes Schultz y publicada por primera vez en 1932. Schultz basó su enfoque en el trabajo del hipnotizador alemán Oskar Vogt . La técnica implica una progresión gradual que comienza con el condicionamiento fisiológico, como la relajación muscular, el control de la respiración y el control de la frecuencia cardíaca. Luego avanza hacia el condicionamiento psíquico a través de imágenes mentales , terapia acústica, etc. [ 12 ]

Pasos comúnmente utilizados para la autohipnosis

La autohipnosis requiere cuatro pasos distintos.

  1. Motivación . Sin la motivación adecuada, a una persona le resultará muy difícil practicar la autohipnosis.
  2. Relajación . La persona debe estar completamente relajada y dedicar tiempo a realizar esta actividad. Además, se deben eliminar las distracciones, ya que se requiere plena atención.
  3. Concentración . El individuo necesita concentrarse por completo, ya que se logra un progreso cada vez que la mente se enfoca en una sola imagen.
  4. Dirigir . Esta es una opción que se utiliza únicamente cuando el individuo desea trabajar en un objetivo específico. El individuo debe dirigir su concentración a visualizar el resultado deseado. [ 13 ]

Usos

La autohipnosis se utiliza ampliamente en la hipnoterapia moderna . Puede adoptar la forma de hipnosis realizada mediante una rutina aprendida.

La hipnosis puede ayudar en el manejo del dolor, [ 14 ] la ansiedad, [ 15 ] [ 16 ] la depresión, [ 17 ] los trastornos del sueño, [ 18 ] la obesidad , el asma y las afecciones de la piel. [ 19 ] Cuando se domina esta práctica, puede mejorar la concentración, la memoria, potenciar la resolución de problemas, aliviar los dolores de cabeza e incluso mejorar el control de las emociones . [ 13 ]

Dolor

Fromm & Kaplan observe that the value, significance, and importance of self-hypnosis is not just that it promotes relaxation, relieves tension and anxiety, and reduces the level of physical pain and suffering, but also that, in teaching patients self-hypnosis, clinicians sensibly recognize that they can't be with their patients at all times—especially, at those times when they are in pain—and, through that process of teaching self-hypnosis, they actively provide their patients with a 24-hours-a-day-available "tool by means of which they can learn to control and master it, or at least be able to live with reduced pain".[20]

Self-hypnosis permits the individual to be in charge and therefore helps the patient to get out of the role of the victim who suffers and into the role of the person who masters or attempts to master her pain. Through practicing self-hypnosis, patients can learn to isolate the feared pain that accompanies many a medical intervention; they can productively dissociate themselves into a position in which they can enjoy pleasurable fantasies and memories, away from the negative aspects of their current reality.[21]

Self-hypnosis and stress

Patients who are stressed and/or lack self-esteem can be taught self-hypnosis techniques which can induce relaxation and/or strengthen their self-esteem. Specifically, once the patient is in a self-hypnotic state the therapist can communicate messages to the patient, allowing the relaxation and strengthening process to occur.[22]

Often, when teaching self-hypnosis, a subject is taught a specific "trigger word" (that will only induce self-hypnosis when the subject deliberately uses the word to hypnotize themselves) to facilitate the rapid induction of the hypnotic state.[22]:114 Also, a phrase (often termed an "autosuggestion") might be taught to the subject for them to repeat to themselves when in self-hypnosis.

In addition, since stress prevents well-functioning of the immune system, researchers from the Ohio State University came to a conclusion that self hypnosis to prevent stress can also help in protecting the immune system against the negative effects of it. They proved this by showing that students who performed self-hypnosis during stressful exam weeks showed a stronger immune system when compared to those who did not learn self-hypnosis.[16]

Childbirth anesthesia

Self-hypnosis can help women who are in labor to alleviate their pain. Joseph DeLee, an obstetrician, stated in the early 20th century that hypnosis was the only risk-free childbirth anesthetic. Common self-hypnotic techniques include:[23]

  1. Glove anesthesia: Pretending the hand is numb and placing it upon a painful region to remove the sensation there.
  2. Time distortion: Perceiving periods of time accompanied by pain as shorter in length and those free of pain as longer lasting.
  3. Imaginative transformation: Viewing the pain as a non-threatening, acceptable sensation (perhaps merely pressure) that causes no trouble.

Other uses

Self-directed thought which is based in hypnosis can be used for many other issues and behavioral problems.[24]

Research

Reviewing the findings of three previous studies in this area, John F. Kihlstrom concluded: "Comparisons of self-hypnosis with more traditional 'hetero'-hypnosis show that they are highly correlated."[25] At the same time, Kihlstrom questioned the extent to which most self-hypnosis qualitatively resembled the experience of traditional hetero-hypnosis.

See also

  • Autosuggestion – Psychological technique related to the placebo effect
  • Covert conditioning – Approach to mental health treatment
  • Guided meditation – Techniques to train attention and awarenessPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

Footnotes

  1. ↑Eason, & Parris (2024).
  2. ↑Atkinson (1909), p.167.
  3. ↑Fromm & Kahn (1990), pp.6-7.
  4. ↑Fromm & Kahn (1990) passim, especially pp.43-99.
  5. ↑Based upon, and expanded from Fromm & Kahn (1990, pp.43-49).
  6. 12If not, the subject, not an experimenter or clinician, uses her own attitudes and beliefs about hypnosis to guide the trance experience" (Fromm & Kahn, 1990, p.44).
  7. 12In relation to the effects of the subject either creating their own self-hypnosis programme ex nihilo, or adapting the clinician's programme in some way in order to "improve" upon it, and in the spirit of the aphorism "he who represents himself has a fool for a client", Ainslie Meares (1978) reports on the case of a woman with an advanced cancer of both breasts (and spinal metastases), who went into full remission, using his "program of intensive meditation" (essentially a very deep self hypnosis, with no suggestion, and no imagery).At this stage, Meares went overseas for three and a half weeks, and she was instructed to continue using Meares' approach, entirely on her own, while he was away from Australia.In his absence, in a "burst of overconfidence she departed from the profound simplicity of the type of meditation she had been taught", and, she thought, "improved upon it" by using the sort of vivid visualization techniques promoted by the Simontons (viz., Simonton & Simonton, 1975). She (unilaterally) "changed the pattern of the meditation, and she almost immediately relapsed". On his return, Meares induced her to resume his "extremely simple and profound form of meditation in which she was originally instructed" and, once again, she went into full remisssion.
  8. ↑Yeates (2013).
  9. ↑Braid (1843), p.xix.
  10. ↑Braid (1850), pp.63-64.
  11. ↑See Yeates (2016a, 2016b, and 2016c).
  12. ↑Babcock (1968).
  13. 12Moss (1985).
  14. ↑Patterson (2010).
  15. ↑O'Neill, et al. (1999).
  16. 12Holland (2001).
  17. ↑Lynn & Kirsch (2006).
  18. ↑Graci & Hardie (2007).
  19. ↑Mendoza & Capafons (2009).
  20. ↑Fromm & Kaplan (1990), p.11.
  21. ↑Fromm & Kaplan (1990), p.7.
  22. 12Sachs (1986).
  23. ↑Ketterhagen, et al. (2002).
  24. ↑Bhandari (2018).
  25. ↑Kihlstrom (2008).

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